Passage Reference: The model shows that after a slight lag phase (while initial colonizers are building and slowly expanding the population)

Common Mistake: Some students choose a dynamic growth of industry, housing, and employment because it sounds important. That is a Wrong section trap because it happens after the lag phase, not at the start.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'a slight lag phase' = Statement: 'Phase 1'

Tips: Always look for time markers like 'after' or 'first' to find the starting phase.

Key Vocabulary:

• lag phase = slow beginning
• colonizers = first settlers

Question Focus: Growth phase following the lag phase

Passage Reference: there is a dynamic growth phase (the 'J curve") as industry, housing and employment increase dramatically for a number of years

Why this is correct: After the lag phase, the passage says there is a dynamic growth phase where industry, housing and employment increase dramatically. This clearly describes Phase 2.

Common Mistake: Choosing working class people move outward into the second ring of housing is a Time/tense trap because that movement happens later, not at the start of growth.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'dynamic growth phase' = Statement: 'Phase 2'

Tips: Growth stages usually come early, before problems like unemployment appear.

Key Vocabulary:

• dynamic = fast and energetic
• dramatically = very strongly

Question Focus: Beginning of decline in housing quality

Passage Reference: The original housing deteriorates, and new affluence and the availability of cars and other forms of transportation enable the managerial and skilled labour classes to build a new ring of houses outside the old dty.

Why this is correct: The passage directly states that the original housing deteriorates as growth decisions have long-term effects. This marks the next phase after growth.

Common Mistake: Some students choose local business taxes are raised, but that comes later. This is a Wrong section trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'original housing deteriorates' = Statement: 'Phase 3'

Tips: When the passage repeats the same words as the option, trust it.

Key Vocabulary:

• deteriorates = gets worse

Question Focus: Movement of wealthier groups outward

Passage Reference: enable the managerial and skilled labour classes to build a new ring of houses outside the old dty. The availability of vacated housing in the now deteriorating inner city allows an influx of unskill

Why this is correct: The passage explains that managerial and skilled labour classes build a new ring of houses outside the old city. This clearly comes after inner housing begins to deteriorate.

Common Mistake: Choosing working class people move outward is a Partial truth trap because it is a different group moving at a different time.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'build a new ring of houses' = Statement: 'Phase 4'

Tips: Always check WHO is moving, not just that someone is moving.

Key Vocabulary:

• managerial = management workers
• skilled labour = trained workers

Question Focus: Who moves into the inner city

Passage Reference: allows an influx of unskilled workers, mostly from the rural areas (or, in the case of some developed countries, unskilled immigrants from developing countries).

Why this is correct: Vacated housing allows an influx of unskilled workers, mostly from rural areas. This happens after wealthier people move out.

Common Mistake: Picking unemployment rises is a Causation trap because unemployment rises after this influx, not at the same moment.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'influx of unskilled workers' = Statement: 'Phase 5'

Tips: Look for cause before effect when ordering phases.

Key Vocabulary:

• influx = large arrival
• unskilled = without training

Question Focus: Start of second deterioration phase

Passage Reference: The stage is now set for the second phase of deterioration. The oldest inner city housing ' eventually deteriorates to the point where it must be demolished. It is usually replaced with housing and office buildings for managerial and professional worker

Why this is correct: In the second phase of deterioration, old inner city housing must be demolished and replaced with housing and office buildings. This is a clear new stage.

Common Mistake: Choosing local business taxes are raised is a Wrong order trap because taxes rise earlier.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'demolished and replaced' = Statement: 'Phase 6'

Tips: Headings like 'second phase' signal a new stage.

Key Vocabulary:

• demolished = destroyed
• inner city = central area

Question Focus: Housing movement during stagnation

Passage Reference: employment for the working class, and they move outward into the second ring of housing.

Why this is correct: The passage explains that working class people move outward into the second ring of housing as stagnation increases. This is a clear movement stage.

Common Mistake: Confusing this with a new housing ring further from the inner city is a Context shift trap because that refers to middle and upper classes.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'move outward' = Statement: 'Phase 7'

Tips: Different social classes move at different times.

Key Vocabulary:

• outward = away from centre
• ring = circular area

Question Focus: Reaction to rising taxes

Passage Reference: the remaining landowners flee the city to avoid high taxes.

Why this is correct: After taxes are raised, the remaining landowners flee the city to avoid them. This clearly follows the tax decision.

Common Mistake: Choosing local business taxes are raised is a Cause vs effect trap because fleeing happens after taxes rise.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'flee the city' = Statement: 'Phase 8'

Tips: Watch for reaction words like 'avoid' or 'because'.

Key Vocabulary:

• flee = escape
• landowners = property owners

Question Focus: Repeated economic decline

Passage Reference: This further decreases the likelihood of new industry, and unemployment rises again.

Why this is correct: The passage explicitly says unemployment rises again after landowners leave and industry declines further.

Common Mistake: Some choose unemployment and welfare expenditure rise which is earlier. This is a Time sequence trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'rises again' = Statement: 'Phase 9'

Tips: Words like 'again' are strong timeline clues.

Key Vocabulary:

• unemployment = no jobs

Question Focus: Repeated reference to final redevelopment

Passage Reference: The stage is now set for the second phase of deterioration. The oldest inner city housing ' eventually deteriorates to the point where it must be demolished. It is usually replaced with housing and office buildings for managerial and professional worker

Why this is correct: This stage is mentioned again as part of the later deterioration cycle, so the same phase description is reused.

Common Mistake: Students think options cannot repeat. That is a Rule misunderstanding trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'demolished and replaced' = Statement: 'Phase 10'

Tips: Options CAN repeat in Matching Features.

Key Vocabulary:

• redevelopment = rebuilding

Question Focus: Repeated social movement

Passage Reference: employment for the working class, and they move outward into the second ring of housing.

Why this is correct: The movement of the working class is part of a repeating cycle in the model, so it appears again later.

Common Mistake: Avoiding reuse of an option is a Test technique trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'working class move outward' = Statement: 'Phase 11'

Tips: If the passage repeats an idea, the answer can repeat too.

Key Vocabulary:

• working class = manual workers

Question Focus: Final outward expansion

Passage Reference: Middle and upper classes then develop a new housing ring further from the inner city as stagnation increases.

Why this is correct: At the end of the cycle, middle and upper classes develop a new housing ring further from the inner city. This fits the final phase.

Common Mistake: Confusing this with a new ring of houses outside the old city is a Synonym confusion trap because the distance and group are different.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'further from the inner city' = Statement: 'Phase 12'

Tips: Read carefully for distance words like 'outside' vs 'further from'.

Key Vocabulary:

• further = more distant
• upper classes = wealthy people

General Tips:

• Matching Features can jump around the passage, but this task also requires correct time order.
• Scan for time signals like 'after', 'then', 'again', and 'now set for'.
• Options CAN be used more than once. Do not cross them off.
• Focus on cause and effect to place stages correctly.