Passage Reference: It is a big improvement on the candle, but it works essentially the same way, by heating something until it glows.

Common Mistake: Students sometimes write burning or warming, but these words are not in the passage. You must copy the exact passage word. This is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'by heating something until it glows' = Summary: 'work by ___ something until it glows'

Tips: When you see 'work by', expect a verb ending in -ing from the passage.

Key Vocabulary:

• incandescent = giving off light because of heat
• glow = shine softly

Question Focus: Detail match - structure of a fluorescent bulb

Correct Answer: glass cylinder

Passage Reference: A fluorescent bulb, which produced light by the excitation of phosphor atoms coating the inside of a glass cylinder, eliminates these drawbacks.

Why this is correct: The passage explains that phosphor atoms coat the inside of a glass cylinder. The summary repeats this idea using almost the same wording.

Common Mistake: Some students write tube or cylinder, but the passage uses glass cylinder together. Writing only one word is incomplete. This is a partial truth trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'coating the inside of a glass cylinder' = Summary: 'coating the inside of a ___'

Tips: If the passage uses two words together as one idea, you usually need both.

Key Vocabulary:

• phosphor = a substance that gives off light
• coating = covering

Question Focus: Process description - how the E-Lamp works

Correct Answer: transmitting

Passage Reference: The secret is a tiny radio-frequency generator in each bulb, transmitting energy to a surrounding cloud of mercury gas and in turn to the fluorescent coating.

Why this is correct: The passage says the generator works by transmitting energy to the mercury gas and then to the coating. The summary shortens this to one key action, so transmitting is correct.

Common Mistake: Students often write sending or transfer, but these are not the exact passage words. This is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'transmitting energy to a surrounding cloud' = Summary: 'lies in ___ energy'

Tips: When the summary uses 'lies in', look for an -ing verb in the passage.

Key Vocabulary:

• generator = machine that produces energy
• transmit = send

Question Focus: Matching feature - energy efficiency

Correct Answer: I

Passage Reference: This obviously is not the most efficient way to produce light; some 90 per cent of the energy consumed by incandescent bulbs is wasted as heat

Why this is correct: The passage states that 90 per cent of the energy in incandescent bulbs is wasted as heat. This clearly describes the incandescent bulb, not the E-Lamp.

Common Mistake: Some students choose E-Lamp because it also discusses energy, but the E-Lamp uses less energy. This is a context shift trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: '90 per cent of the energy is wasted as heat' = Feature: 'Most energy is wasted'

Tips: Read carefully which object the sentence is describing before choosing I or E.

Key Vocabulary:

• wasted = not used well
• efficient = using little energy

Question Focus: Matching feature - lifespan

Correct Answer: I

Why this is correct: The passage says the filament burns out after six to twelve months, showing a short life. This describes the incandescent bulb.

Common Mistake: Students may choose E-Lamp because lifespan is discussed later, but the E-Lamp lasts a decade or more. This is a wrong section trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'burns out after six to twelve months' = Feature: 'Short life'

Tips: Always compare numbers like months versus years to see which product fits.

Key Vocabulary:

• filament = thin wire inside a bulb
• burn out = stop working

Question Focus: Matching feature - reason for failure

Correct Answer: E

Passage Reference: Since the electronic components last indefinitely, the bulb should fail only when the phosphor deteriorate

Why this is correct: The passage explains that the new bulb will fail only when the phosphor deteriorates. This is a feature of the E-Lamp.

Common Mistake: Some students think all bulbs fail this way, but this detail is only given for the E-Lamp. This is a context shift trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'fail only when the phosphor deteriorates' = Feature: 'Fails only when the phosphor deteriorates'

Tips: Unique technical details usually point to the new invention.

Key Vocabulary:

• deteriorate = slowly get worse
• component = part

Question Focus: Matching feature - environmental impact

Correct Answer: E

Passage Reference: each incandescent that is replaced by an E-Lamp would save an estimated ton of carbon dioxide from electrical generating stations over the life of the bulb, a small step toward reducing emissions of greenhouse gases.

Why this is correct: The passage says replacing bulbs with E-Lamps would reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. This benefit clearly belongs to the E-Lamp.

Common Mistake: Students may choose incandescent because it is mentioned first, but the environmental benefit comes from replacing it. This is a reverse meaning trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'reducing emissions of greenhouse gases' = Feature: 'reduces house emissions of greenhouse gases'

Tips: Look for cause and effect - which bulb creates the benefit?

Key Vocabulary:

• emissions = gases released
• greenhouse gases = gases that trap heat

Question Focus: Matching feature - basic working principle

Correct Answer: I

Passage Reference: It is a big improvement on the candle, but it works essentially the same way, by heating something until it glows.

Why this is correct: The passage directly states that the incandescent bulb works essentially the same way as a candle. This feature clearly matches the incandescent bulb.

Common Mistake: Some students choose E-Lamp because it is discussed more later, but this sentence is only about incandescent bulbs. This is a wrong section trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'works essentially the same way' = Feature: 'Works essentially the same way as candles'

Tips: When the passage compares something to a candle, it usually refers to old technology.

Key Vocabulary:

• essentially = basically
• incandescent = producing light by heat

General Tips:

• Summary and note completion questions follow passage order, so use the location of one answer to find the next.
• Always copy the exact word or words from the passage. Synonyms are marked wrong.
• Check grammar clues like 'by' or 'lies in' to know if you need a noun or an -ing verb.
• For matching features, be clear which object the sentence describes before choosing I or E.