| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | if there is no information on this |
Will Britain Turn Its Back on Wave Power?
Wave energy research in Britain is under threat again following a report which argues that public funding for large offshore projects should be restricted to a token sum. The report, by the government’s Renewable Energy Advisory Group, calls instead for more government investment to develop ways of generating electricity from hydroelectric plants, wind, waste and crops: technologies which have existing markets.
The decision is complicated by the publication of a review of wave energy by the government’s Energy Technology Support Unit, which shows that th$ cost of electricity generated from wave devices has fallen considerably in recent years, and that new designs could make even greater savings.
The wave energy review was not completed in time for the renewables group to consider it. Nevertheless, the group gives offshore wave machines the thumbs down on economic grounds, and suggests that they should be given “no further significant research and development expenditure”.
Stephen Salter, professor of engineering design at the University of Edinburgh and a pioneer of wave power, described the group’s conclusions as “nonsense”. Improvements made over the past decade have brought down the theoretical costs of producing electricity from his departments device, the Edinburgh Duck, to about 16p per kilowatt-hour. A radical redesign to overcome technical problems highlighted by ETSU has further reduced the cost.
Salter is reticent about the scale of these reductions, but ETSU’s own computer models are believed to put the cost at around 4p/kWh, similar to the cost of energy from coal and gas.
ETSU’s estimates are based on the assumption that all technical problems with a wave device are solved. It stresses that wave energy technology is “relatively immature”, and that a great deal of R&D will be needed before a practical offshore machine is built. The best prospects, it says, may lie with radical redesigns of older ideas, such as Salter’s Duck, or one of several new designs which promise electricity “at substantially lower costs”.
The renewables group makes no recommendations about the most developed wave energy devices — those sited on the coastline. One such machine has been built on the island of Islay by researchers from Queen’s University of Belfast. ETSU estimates that it could produce electricity at 6p/kWh.
Trevor Whittacker, who manages the wave energy programme at Queen’s, believes that the market for shoreline machines must be developed now. Offshore devices will not be needed for 20 years, he says, but “if you’re going to go for serious energy production, you’ve got to go offshore”. He warns that if the basic research is not done now, “you’re going to grind to a halt in 10 to 15 years”.
A theme running through the group’s report is the need to bolster the industries that have grown up over the past two years for generating electricity from, for example, wind and biomass. These markets have grown chiefly because regional electricity companies have been forced to buy electricity from Nuclear Electric and renewable energy producers at an inflated price under the non-fossil fuel obligation.
The NFFO was conceived as a means to keep Nuclear Electric “cash rich”, but is proving to be “a useful mechanism” for creating markets in new technologies, says the report. Twidell says that by accident the government has found an ingenious way of forcing the pace of technology. Companies receive a return on their wind turbines, or chicken litter furnaces only when they begin producing electricity. “Once the companies are generating, they want to make the plant more efficient, so the research is very applied and market-oriented,” he says.
According to Martin Holdgate, director of the World Conservation Union, and chairman of the renewables group, “the hope is that as the technology becomes proven, it will become an increasingly attractive investment”.
The group argues that by 2025, renewables should contribute about 60 terawatt-hours of electricity a year, which is equivalent to one fifth of present annual production. To reach this goal, it says “the government must intervene in the market”.
Holdgate argues that Britain’s commitment to the Climate Change Convention, signed at the Earth Summit last June, is reason enough for the government to give extra support to technologies that produce no polluting gases. Renewables are also at a disadvantage because the full environmental damage of fossil fuels is not taken into account in their costs.
Despite its optimistic view, the group calls on the government to increase the amount of renewable energy bought under the NFFO to around 1,500 megawatts over the next seven years. This would still leave renewables with only 0.1 per cent of Britain’s electricity supply. Environmentalists say this is a pitiable increase.
AI explanationShows the answer. Tap to open.
Question Focus: Contradiction - the statement says no funding, but the passage says the group asks for investment in other technologies
Correct Answer: FALSE
Why this is correct: This is FALSE because the group clearly calls for more government investment, just not in large offshore wave projects. The statement says they do not call for funds at all, which directly contradicts the passage.
Passage Reference: The report, by the government's Renewable Energy Advisory Group, calls instead for more government investment to develop ways of generating electricity from hydroelectric plants, wind, waste and crops: technologies which have existing markets.
Common Mistake: Students often focus only on wave power being rejected and miss that funding is redirected elsewhere. This is a Contradiction trap.
Paraphrasing: Passage: 'more government investment' = Statement: 'does not call for funds and investment'
Tips: When you see words like 'does not', check carefully if the passage mentions any exception or alternative.
Key Vocabulary:
- investment = putting money in
- restricted = limited
Question Focus: Synonym match - 'fallen considerably' means decreased cost
Correct Answer: TRUE
Passage Reference: The decision is complicated by the publication of a review of wave energy by the government's Energy Technology Support Unit, which shows that the cost of electricity generated from wave devices has fallen considerably in recent years, and that new designs could make even greater savings.
Why this is correct: This is TRUE because ETSU shows that the cost has fallen considerably, which means the cost has decreased.
Common Mistake: Some students overthink and look for exact words like 'decreased'. This is a Synonym match.
Paraphrasing: Passage: 'fallen considerably' = Statement: 'decreased cost'
Tips: Do not wait for the same word. IELTS often uses synonyms instead.
Key Vocabulary:
- fallen = gone down
- considerably = a lot
Question Focus: Paraphrase - 'nonsense' means useless
Correct Answer: TRUE
Passage Reference: Stephen Salter, professor of engineering design at the University of Edinburgh and a pioneer of wave power, described the group's conclusions as 'nonsense'.
Why this is correct: This is TRUE because calling something nonsense means he thought the conclusions were useless or wrong.
Common Mistake: Students sometimes think the wording is too informal to match. This is a Paraphrase trap.
Paraphrasing: Passage: 'nonsense' = Statement: 'useless'
Tips: Strong opinion words often signal clear TRUE or FALSE answers.
Key Vocabulary:
- nonsense = not sensible
- conclusions = final opinions
Question Focus: Direct match - belief about developing shoreline machines
Correct Answer: TRUE
Passage Reference: Trevor Whittacker, who manages the wave energy programme at Queen's, believes that the market for shoreline machines must be developed now.
Why this is correct: This is TRUE because Whittacker clearly talks about the development of shoreline machines.
Common Mistake: Some students mix shoreline and offshore machines. This is a Context shift trap.
Paraphrasing: Passage: 'market for shoreline machines must be developed now' = Statement: 'talks about the development of shoreline machines'
Tips: Always check which type of technology the sentence is talking about.
Key Vocabulary:
- shoreline = near the coast
- developed = grown or improved
Question Focus: Paraphrase - production leads to efficiency improvements
Correct Answer: TRUE
Passage Reference: 'Once the companies are generating, they want to make the plant more efficient, so the research is very applied and market-oriented,' he says.
Why this is correct: This is TRUE because Twidell explains that once companies produce electricity, they improve efficiency, which matches better plant working and production.
Common Mistake: The sentence is poorly written, so students doubt it. This is a Paraphrase trap.
Paraphrasing: Passage: 'make the plant more efficient' = Statement: 'better working of plant'
Tips: Ignore grammar mistakes in statements and focus on meaning.
Key Vocabulary:
- efficient = working well
- generating = producing
Question Focus: Contradiction - Holdgate supports investment
Correct Answer: FALSE
Passage Reference: According to Martin Holdgate, director of the World Conservation Union, and chairman of the renewables group, 'the hope is that as the technology becomes proven, it will become an increasingly attractive investment'.
Why this is correct: This is FALSE because Holdgate says technology will become an attractive investment, not a waste.
Common Mistake: Students remember criticism elsewhere and apply it to Holdgate. This is a Wrong section trap.
Paraphrasing: Passage: 'attractive investment' = Statement: 'sheer waste'
Tips: Always match opinions to the correct person.
Key Vocabulary:
- attractive = appealing
- investment = money put in to gain benefit
Question Focus: Not Given - no information about government profits
Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
Passage Reference: The NFFO was conceived as a means to keep Nuclear Electric 'cash rich', but is proving to be 'a useful mechanism' for creating markets in new technologies, says the report.
Why this is correct: This is NOT GIVEN because the passage talks about Nuclear Electric being cash rich, not the British Government. The passage does not discuss whether the government itself is making major profits.
Common Mistake: Students assume government benefit from policy equals profit. This is a Not Given trap.
Paraphrasing: Passage: 'keep Nuclear Electric cash rich' = Statement: 'British Government is in major profits'
Tips: Do not assume who benefits unless the passage clearly says so.
Key Vocabulary:
- cash rich = having a lot of money
- conceived = planned
General Tips:
- TFNG questions follow passage order, so use the previous answer location to find the next one.
- If the passage gives the opposite idea, choose FALSE. If it says nothing about the claim, choose NOT GIVEN.
- Look for opinion words like 'nonsense' or 'hope' because they clearly show attitude.
- Do not add your own knowledge or assumptions. Only use what is written in the passage.
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