Intangible cultural heritage
When we think of cultural heritage, what tends to come to mind are historical monuments and collections of objects. But culture also encompasses the way people live, and this is passed down from generation to generation. Amongst other things, it includes social (1)___________, oral traditions, celebrations, as well as specific knowledge and skills. These (2)___________ of culture are known collectively as intangible cultural heritage.
As the world becomes increasingly globalised, there is a fear that this kind of heritage is at risk. If we (3)___________ culture to be, as poet Matthew Arnold described it, ‘the best that has ever been thought and known in the world’, then we understand its relevance
Learning about the cultural heritage of different communities leads to (4)___________ respect and encourages communication across cultures. There is great social and economic value in (5)___________ knowledge to other groups. The protection and preservation of cultures is vital for education, for promoting cross-cultural understanding, and for reinforcing a sense of identity. To lose any culture is to lose part of the world.
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Correct Answer: C
Why this is correct: practices means 'customary ways of doing things'. 'Social practices' fits next to traditions and celebrations, meaning the regular customs a group follows.
Tips: Memory trick: a religious practice is something a group does again and again. Social practices are shared customs.
Why the other options are wrong:
- A: operations means 'actions or activities', often in business, the army, or surgery. 'Social operations' does not describe cultural customs.
- B: exercises means 'physical activity or practice tasks'. 'Social exercises' has the wrong meaning for cultural traditions.
Key Vocabulary:
- practices = customs = usual ways of doing things
- operations = actions or activities (often business)
Correct Answer: C
Why this is correct: aspects means 'parts or sides of something'. 'These aspects of culture' points back to the listed parts, like traditions and skills.
Tips: Memory trick: a diamond has many aspects, or sides. Culture has many aspects, or parts, too.
Why the other options are wrong:
- B: points means 'ideas or dots'. 'These points of culture' does not fit the parts being described.
- A: origins means 'where something began'. The sentence is about parts of culture, not about where it started, so the meaning is wrong.
Key Vocabulary:
- aspect = a part or side of something
- origin = where something began
Correct Answer: C
Why this is correct: consider fits because 'consider X to be Y' is a set pattern meaning 'regard as'. The 'to be' after the gap is the clue - 'consider culture to be the best' means we view it that way.
Tips: Memory trick: spot 'to be' after the gap. 'Consider X to be Y' is the pattern that fits.
Why the other options are wrong:
- A: reflect takes 'on' - 'reflect on culture'. This is a Structural Trap - 'reflect culture to be' does not follow the right pattern.
- B: examine means 'look at closely', and it does not use the 'to be' pattern. This is a Structural Trap - 'examine culture to be' breaks the grammar.
Key Vocabulary:
- consider something to be = regard as = think of as
- reflect on (needs 'on')
Correct Answer: B
Why this is correct: mutual means 'shared by both sides'. 'Mutual respect' is a strong pairing, meaning respect that both cultures feel for each other.
Tips: Memory trick: mutual means it goes both ways, like a mutual friend you both share. Mutual respect flows both ways.
Why the other options are wrong:
- A: common means 'shared by many' or 'ordinary'. 'Common respect' is not the natural phrase, so the collocation is weak.
- C: united means 'joined together'. 'United respect' does not collocate, so it sounds wrong here.
Key Vocabulary:
- mutual = shared by both sides
- collocation: mutual respect
Correct Answer: B
Why this is correct: transmitting means 'passing on' or 'sending along'. 'Transmitting knowledge to other groups' means handing that knowledge over to them.
Tips: Memory trick: a radio transmits a signal from one place to another. Transmitting knowledge passes it from group to group.
Why the other options are wrong:
- A: dispatching means 'sending off goods, messages, or people quickly'. It fits parcels and troops, not passing on knowledge, so the meaning is wrong.
- C: broadcasting means 'sending out widely by radio or TV'. This is a Thematic Trap - it is about sending, but it is too media-specific for passing knowledge to certain groups.
Key Vocabulary:
- transmit = pass on = send along
- broadcast = send out widely by radio or TV
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