Meaning: 'Address' means to deal with or focus on a particular issue or problem.

Wrong options:

• relate: 'Relate' means to show or establish a connection, which does not convey the action of tackling the problem directly as required in this context.
• refer: 'Refer' means to mention or allude to something, which does not imply taking action on the problem of low literacy.
• progress: 'Progress' refers to moving forward or advancing, which does not fit the context of actively dealing with the issue at hand.

Correct answer: exposure

Explanation: The word 'exposure' is appropriate here as it refers to the amount of contact or experience someone has with literature. This fits grammatically and contextually, as the sentence discusses factors that limit reading success.

Meaning: 'Exposure' means the state of being exposed to something, in this case, literature, which is crucial for developing reading skills.

Wrong options:

• imposer: 'Imposer' refers to someone who imposes something, which does not relate to the context of contact with literature.
• income: 'Income' refers to money received, which is unrelated to the concept of contact with literature and does not fit the context.
• data: 'Data' refers to facts and statistics collected for reference or analysis, which does not fit the context of limiting reading success.

Correct answer: contributing

Explanation: The word 'contributing' is a gerund that describes a factor that plays a significant role in the issue of low literacy. It fits grammatically and contextually, as it indicates that this factor adds to the problem being discussed.

Meaning: 'Contributing' means playing a part in causing something, in this case, the lack of training for teachers.

Wrong options:

• reason: 'Reason' is a noun that does not fit grammatically in this context, as the sentence requires a word that describes a factor rather than simply stating a cause.
• important: 'Important' is an adjective and does not fit grammatically, as the sentence structure requires a noun or gerund to describe a factor.
• dealing: 'Dealing' is a gerund that implies managing or handling something, which does not accurately describe the nature of the factor being discussed.

Correct answer: align

Explanation: The word 'align' is a verb that means to bring into agreement or cooperation. It fits grammatically and contextually, as it indicates that the reading curricula should match current scientific understanding.

Meaning: 'Align' means to arrange in a straight line or to bring into agreement, particularly in the context of educational practices and scientific findings.

Wrong options:

• recline: 'Recline' means to lean back or lie down, which is irrelevant in this context and does not fit grammatically.
• propagate: 'Propagate' means to spread or promote an idea, which does not fit the context of matching curricula with scientific understanding.
• mix: 'Mix' means to combine or blend, which does not convey the necessary meaning of agreement or alignment in this context.

Correct answer: incorporating

Explanation: The word 'incorporating' is a gerund that indicates the action of including or integrating something into a larger whole. It fits grammatically and contextually, as it suggests that the science of reading should be included in classroom practices.

Meaning: 'Incorporating' means to include or integrate something as part of a whole, particularly in the context of educational practices.

Wrong options:

• incorporated: 'Incorporated' is the past tense of incorporate and does not fit grammatically in this context, which requires a gerund to indicate ongoing action.
• submitting: 'Submitting' means to present or hand over, which does not fit the context of integrating practices into the classroom.
• adding: 'Adding' implies simply putting something in, which does not convey the comprehensive integration suggested by 'incorporating'.