Meaning: 'The second largest' means that Lake Van is the next biggest body of water after the largest one in the Middle East.

Wrong options:

• the first largest: This option incorrectly suggests that Lake Van is the biggest body of water, which contradicts the information given.
• the first large: This phrase is grammatically incorrect as 'large' cannot be used in a superlative form without 'largest.'
• the second large: This option is incorrect because 'large' does not convey the comparative meaning needed in this context.

Correct answer: is located

Explanation: The phrase 'is located' is the correct passive construction that indicates the position of Lake Van. It fits grammatically as it uses the present simple tense, which is appropriate for stating facts.

Meaning: 'Is located' means that Lake Van has a specific position or place in eastern Anatolia.

Wrong options:

• is placed: This option is less common in this context and does not convey the same sense of geographical positioning as 'is located.'
• is situated: While this option is similar, 'is located' is more commonly used in geographical contexts, making it the better choice here.
• is laid: This option is incorrect as 'laid' implies a physical action of placing something down, which does not apply to the location of a lake.

Correct answer: border

Explanation: The word 'border' is the correct term to describe the edge or boundary of a country. It fits grammatically and contextually as it indicates the geographical relationship between Lake Van and Iran.

Meaning: 'Border' refers to the line that separates two areas, in this case, the boundary between Turkey and Iran.

Wrong options:

• summit: This term refers to the highest point of a mountain and does not apply to the context of a lake's location.
• slope: This word describes the side of a hill or mountain, which is not relevant to the geographical context here.
• hill: This option refers to a raised area of land, which does not accurately describe the relationship between the lake and the country.

Correct answer: Known

Explanation: The word 'Known' is the correct past participle that fits the passive construction of the sentence. It is grammatically appropriate as it describes the state of being recognized by ancient Greek geographers.

Meaning: 'Known' means that something is recognized or acknowledged, in this case, Lake Van's historical name by ancient geographers.

Wrong options:

• Being known: This gerund form is incorrect in this context as it does not fit the passive structure required here.
• Having known: This option implies a completed action that does not fit the context of describing a state of recognition.
• Been known: This form is also incorrect as it does not fit the grammatical structure needed for the sentence.

Correct answer: between

Explanation: The word 'between' is the correct preposition that indicates a range of time. It fits grammatically and contextually as it specifies the time frame during which the Urartian kingdom flourished.

Meaning: 'Between' refers to the time interval that separates two points, in this case, the 10th and 8th centuries BC.

Wrong options:

• among: This option is incorrect as 'among' is used for more than two items, while 'between' is appropriate for two specific centuries.
• over: This preposition does not convey the same meaning of a specific time range as 'between' does.
• about: This option is vague and does not accurately indicate the precise time frame required in this context.