Meaning: 'In' indicates a state or condition, here referring to the rise of obesity levels globally.

Wrong options:

• of: The preposition 'of' suggests possession or belonging, which does not fit the context of discussing a rise in obesity.
• to: The preposition 'to' indicates direction or destination, which is not appropriate in this context as it does not convey the idea of an increase.
• at: The preposition 'at' typically indicates a specific point or location, which does not align with the concept of an increase.

Correct answer: impacted

Explanation: The verb 'impacted' is the correct choice as it indicates a significant effect on the quality of food, fitting grammatically in the past tense context of the sentence. It aligns with the idea of demands affecting food quality.

Meaning: 'Impacted' means to have a strong effect on something, in this case, the quality of food.

Wrong options:

• wasted: The verb 'wasted' implies loss or misuse, which does not fit the context of affecting food quality.
• resulted: The verb 'resulted' suggests a consequence but does not convey the direct effect implied in the sentence.
• affected: While 'affected' could fit, 'impacted' is a stronger term that better conveys the significant influence on food quality.

Correct answer: planning

Explanation: The noun 'planning' is appropriate here as it refers to the process of organizing urban spaces, fitting grammatically and contextually with the discussion of urban development and its effects on pedestrian areas.

Meaning: 'Planning' refers to the process of making plans for something, in this case, urban development.

Wrong options:

• roads: The noun 'roads' does not fit the context as it does not address the organizational aspect of urban development.
• gyms: The noun 'gyms' is irrelevant in this context as it does not relate to urban development or pedestrian areas.
• housing: The noun 'housing' refers to living accommodations, which does not directly relate to the planning of urban spaces.

Correct answer: has been

Explanation: The phrase 'has been' is the correct choice as it indicates a present perfect tense, showing that the effect on obesity levels is ongoing and relevant to the present context of the discussion.

Meaning: 'Has been' indicates that something started in the past and continues to the present, here referring to the ongoing effect of media on obesity levels.

Wrong options:

• is being: The phrase 'is being' suggests an ongoing action but does not fit the context of something that has already been shown.
• was: The past tense 'was' does not convey the ongoing relevance of the media's effect on obesity.
• had been: The past perfect 'had been' implies a completed action before another past action, which does not fit the current context.

Correct answer: being

Explanation: The gerund 'being' fits grammatically as it serves as the subject of the clause, indicating the state of being unregulated, which aligns with the context of discussing the lack of restrictions on food exposure.

Meaning: 'Being' refers to the state of existing or occurring, in this case, referring to the unregulated nature of food marketing.

Wrong options:

• to be: The infinitive 'to be' does not fit grammatically in this context as it does not serve as a subject or describe a state.
• been: The past participle 'been' cannot function as a subject in this context, making it grammatically incorrect here.
• is: The present tense 'is' does not fit the structure of the sentence, which requires a gerund to describe the ongoing state.