Meaning: 'Which' is a relative pronoun used to specify or provide more information about a noun, in this case, cognitive operations.

Wrong options:

• who: The word 'who' is a relative pronoun used for people, not suitable here as it refers to cognitive operations, which are not human.
• that: The word 'that' can introduce defining clauses but is less appropriate in this context where additional information is provided, making 'which' a better fit.
• where: The word 'where' indicates a place and does not apply to cognitive operations, making it grammatically incorrect in this context.

Correct answer: from

Explanation: The preposition 'from' indicates a point of difference, which is essential in this context to show how human psychological processes differ in nature and origin compared to those of animals. It fits grammatically and contextually, emphasizing the distinction being made.

Meaning: 'From' is a preposition used to indicate the source or point of origin of something, in this case, the differences between human and animal processes.

Wrong options:

• to: The preposition 'to' implies direction or destination, which does not convey the intended meaning of difference in this context.
• about: The preposition 'about' suggests a topic or subject matter, which does not fit the context of indicating differences between two entities.
• towards: The preposition 'towards' indicates direction or orientation, which is not appropriate for expressing differences.

Correct answer: widely

Explanation: The adverb 'widely' indicates a broad recognition or acceptance, which is appropriate in this context as it describes the extent of Vygotsky's recognition in the field. It fits grammatically and contextually, emphasizing the widespread nature of his influence.

Meaning: 'Widely' means to a large extent or over a large area, indicating that Vygotsky is recognized by many people.

Wrong options:

• openly: The adverb 'openly' refers to being frank or candid, which does not convey the idea of recognition or fame.
• closely: The adverb 'closely' implies a tight connection or relationship, which does not fit the context of being known.
• strongly: The adverb 'strongly' suggests intensity but does not convey the idea of broad recognition, making it less suitable.

Correct answer: own

Explanation: The word 'own' is a possessive adjective that indicates something belonging to the child, fitting grammatically and contextually as it emphasizes the child's individual capability without assistance.

Meaning: 'Own' refers to something that belongs to someone, in this case, the child's personal achievements.

Wrong options:

• self: The word 'self' is a noun that does not fit grammatically in this context where a possessive adjective is required.
• alone: The word 'alone' implies being by oneself but does not convey possession, making it inappropriate here.
• individually: The word 'individually' is an adverb that does not fit grammatically as it does not serve as a possessive form.

Correct answer: involvement

Explanation: The noun 'involvement' fits grammatically as it serves as the subject of the phrase, indicating the act of participating with others. It aligns contextually with the idea of engaging in mediated activities, which is essential for the child's development.

Meaning: 'Involvement' refers to the act of participating or being engaged in something, in this case, activities with others.

Wrong options:

• involving: The word 'involving' is a gerund that does not fit as a noun in this context, making it grammatically incorrect.
• involved: The word 'involved' is an adjective that does not serve as a noun, thus not fitting the grammatical structure required here.
• to involve: The phrase 'to involve' is an infinitive form that does not fit grammatically as a noun in this context.