Meaning: 'Original' means the first or initial version of something, in this case, the text that is being paraphrased.

Wrong options:

• conventional: 'Conventional' refers to something that is based on accepted standards or practices, which does not fit the context of discussing the source material.
• concept: 'Concept' refers to an abstract idea or general notion, which does not directly relate to the text being paraphrased.
• rule: 'Rule' implies a prescribed guide for conduct or action, which does not pertain to the original text itself.

Correct answer: borrowing

Explanation: The word 'borrowing' indicates taking someone else's phrases or ideas without proper attribution. It fits grammatically as a gerund that describes the action of using another's words, which is contrary to the goal of paraphrasing.

Meaning: 'Borrowing' means to take and use something belonging to someone else, in this case, phrases from another author without proper acknowledgment.

Wrong options:

• renewing: 'Renewing' implies making something new again, which does not apply to the act of using someone else's phrases.
• changing: 'Changing' suggests altering something, but it does not convey the idea of taking phrases from another source without credit.
• charging: 'Charging' typically refers to demanding payment or accusing someone, which is unrelated to the context of paraphrasing.

Correct answer: otherwise

Explanation: The word 'otherwise' serves as an adverb indicating a different situation or condition. It fits grammatically as it connects the clause about changing words to the consequence of being penalized, maintaining logical coherence in the sentence.

Meaning: 'Otherwise' means in a different way or under different circumstances, emphasizing that simply changing a few words is not sufficient for proper paraphrasing.

Wrong options:

• unnecessarily: 'Unnecessarily' means not needed or required, which does not fit the context of discussing the reproduction of a passage.
• either: 'Either' is used to indicate a choice between two options, which does not apply to the context of paraphrasing.
• often: 'Often' refers to frequency, which is irrelevant to the discussion of how a passage is reproduced.

Correct answer: plagiarism

Explanation: The term 'plagiarism' refers to the act of using someone else's work or ideas without proper attribution. It fits grammatically as a noun that describes the consequence of failing to paraphrase correctly, aligning with the context of academic integrity.

Meaning: 'Plagiarism' means the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own, which is a serious academic offense.

Wrong options:

• donation: 'Donation' refers to giving something, typically money or goods, which is unrelated to the context of paraphrasing.
• compilation: 'Compilation' refers to a collection of items, which does not pertain to the act of improperly using another's work.
• contribution: 'Contribution' implies giving or adding something, which does not fit the context of being penalized for improper paraphrasing.

Correct answer: simplify

Explanation: The word 'simplify' means to make something easier to understand or do. It fits grammatically as a verb that describes the action of condensing ideas, which is essential in the process of paraphrasing.

Meaning: 'Simplify' means to make something less complex or easier to understand, which is a key goal in paraphrasing a writer's ideas.

Wrong options:

• fix: 'Fix' implies correcting something, which does not align with the goal of paraphrasing.
• concoct: 'Concoct' means to create or devise, often implying fabrication, which is not the intent in paraphrasing.
• mix: 'Mix' suggests combining different elements, which does not accurately describe the process of paraphrasing.

Correct answer: using

Explanation: The word 'using' is a gerund that indicates the action of employing different sentence structures and expressions. It fits grammatically as it describes how the ideas should be presented in the paraphrase, maintaining clarity and coherence.

Meaning: 'Using' means to employ or utilize something, in this case, different structures and expressions in paraphrasing.

Wrong options:

• to use: 'To use' is an infinitive form that does not fit grammatically in this context, as the sentence requires a gerund.
• used: 'Used' is the past participle form, which does not fit the grammatical structure needed here.
• use: 'Use' is a base form that does not align with the grammatical requirement of the sentence.