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Practice Reading: Fill in the Blanks (Dropdown) ID: #47272 Discrimination against Women
Instructions ›
Below is a text with blanks. Click on each blank, a list of choices will appear. Select the appropriate choice for each blank.
Discrimination  against  women  has  been  alleged  in  hiring  practices  for  many  occupations,  but  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  demonstrate  sex-biased  hiring.  A  change    the  way  symphony  orchestras  recruit  musicians  provides  an  unusual  way  to  test  for  sex-biased  hiring.  To  overcome  possible  biases  in  hiring,  most  orchestras  revised  their  audition  policies  in  the  1970s  and  1980s.  A  major  change  involved  the  use  of  'blind'  auditions  with  a  'screen'  to    the  identity  of  the  candidate  from  the  jury.  Female  musicians  in  the  top  five  symphony  orchestras  in  the  United  States  were  less  than  5%  of  all  players  in  1970  but  are  25%  today.  We  ask  whether  women  were  more    to  be  advanced  and/or  hired  with  the  use  of  'blind'  auditions.  Using  data  from  actual  auditions  in  an  individual  fixed-effects  framework,  we  find  that  the  screen  increases  by  50%  the  probability  a  woman  will  be  advanced  out  of  certain  preliminary  rounds.  The  screen  also  enhances,  by  several  fold,  the  likelihood  a  female  contestant  will  be  the  winner  in  the  final  round.  Using  data  on  orchestra  personnel,  the  switch  to  'blind'  auditions  can  explain  between  30%  and  55%  of  the    in  the  proportion  female  among  new  hires  and  between  25%  and  46%  of  the  increase  in  the  percentage  female  in  the  orchestras  since  1970.

Result:

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Correct answer: in

Explanation: The preposition 'in' is used to indicate a change within a specific context or framework, which fits grammatically and contextually with the phrase 'the way symphony orchestras recruit musicians.' It suggests a modification occurring within the existing recruitment practices.

Meaning: The word 'in' indicates a change occurring within a particular area or aspect, in this case, the recruitment methods of orchestras.

Wrong options:

  • around: The word 'around' implies a surrounding context rather than a specific change within a method, making it grammatically and contextually inappropriate here.
  • beyond: 'Beyond' suggests a limit or extent that is surpassed, which does not align with the intended meaning of modifying existing practices.
  • by: The preposition 'by' indicates a means or method, which does not fit the context of describing a change in the recruitment process.
Correct answer: conceal

Explanation: The verb 'conceal' appropriately describes the action of hiding or keeping the identity of the candidate secret, fitting grammatically and contextually with the phrase 'to conceal the identity of the candidate from the jury.'

Meaning: 'Conceal' means to hide something or keep it out of sight, which is the purpose of using a screen in auditions.

Wrong options:

  • contain: The verb 'contain' means to hold or include, which does not convey the idea of hiding someone's identity and is therefore contextually incorrect.
  • cancel: 'Cancel' means to annul or invalidate, which does not relate to the action of hiding a candidate's identity during auditions.
  • check: The verb 'check' implies verifying or inspecting, which does not fit the context of hiding identity.
Correct answer: likely

Explanation: The adverb 'likely' is used to indicate a probability or chance, fitting grammatically and contextually with the phrase 'were more likely to be advanced and/or hired.' It suggests a higher probability of women being advanced in auditions.

Meaning: 'Likely' means having a high probability of occurring, indicating that women had a better chance of being advanced or hired due to the changes in audition practices.

Wrong options:

  • moreover: 'Moreover' is a discourse marker used to add information, which does not fit grammatically or contextually in this sentence about probability.
  • right: The word 'right' implies correctness or suitability, which does not convey the intended meaning of probability in this context.
  • instance: 'Instance' refers to a specific occurrence, which does not relate to the likelihood of women being advanced or hired.
Correct answer: increase

Explanation: The noun 'increase' fits grammatically and contextually as it describes the growth in the proportion of female hires, aligning with the phrase 'the increase in the proportion female among new hires.'

Meaning: 'Increase' refers to a rise or growth in quantity, which in this context pertains to the growing number of female musicians hired.

Wrong options:

  • decrease: The word 'decrease' implies a reduction, which contradicts the context of discussing a rise in female hires and is therefore incorrect.
  • number: 'Number' is a general term that does not specifically indicate growth or change, making it less precise in this context.
  • amount: 'Amount' typically refers to a quantity of something uncountable, which does not fit the context of discussing a specific increase in proportion.

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