Meaning: 'Undertakings' means significant tasks or projects that are initiated or carried out, particularly in the context of governance and policy-making.

Wrong options:

• vicissitudes: 'Vicissitudes' refers to changes or variations, often in circumstances, which does not fit the context of governance as it implies unpredictability rather than structured decision-making.
• populations: 'Populations' refers to groups of people, which does not align with the context of governance where specific actions or policies are being discussed.
• landscapes: 'Landscapes' typically refers to physical geography or scenery, which is unrelated to the governance context of laws and policies.

Correct answer: since

Explanation: The word 'since' indicates a starting point in time, which is appropriate here to show that the inclusion of all adult citizens in democracy has been understood from the mid-20th century onwards, fitting grammatically and contextually.

Meaning: 'Since' means from a particular time in the past until now, indicating the ongoing relevance of the statement about democratic inclusion.

Wrong options:

• within: 'Within' suggests being inside a certain limit or boundary, which does not convey the temporal aspect needed in this context.
• by: 'By' indicates a deadline or a method, which does not fit the context of a time period starting from the mid-20th century.
• until: 'Until' implies a stopping point, which contradicts the ongoing nature of the inclusion of citizens in democracy.

Correct answer: guarantee

Explanation: The verb 'guarantee' fits grammatically as it indicates a promise or assurance, which aligns with the context of democratic governments ensuring rights for individuals.

Meaning: 'Guarantee' means to provide a formal assurance or promise that something will happen, in this case, the protection of individual rights.

Wrong options:

• envision: 'Envision' means to imagine or visualize, which does not fit the context of a government action or assurance.
• engage: 'Engage' implies involvement or participation, which does not convey the sense of assurance needed in this context.
• exempt: 'Exempt' means to free from an obligation, which is contrary to the idea of ensuring rights.

Correct answer: for

Explanation: The preposition 'for' fits grammatically and contextually as it indicates purpose or benefit, aligning with the idea of providing political equality.

Meaning: 'For' indicates the purpose of allowing a high level of political equality, suggesting that this is what the democratic states aim to achieve.

Wrong options:

• upon: 'Upon' suggests a condition or immediate action, which does not fit the context of providing a level of equality.
• about: 'About' indicates a topic or subject, which does not convey the intended meaning of purpose in this context.
• with: 'With' implies accompaniment or association, which does not accurately express the intended purpose of political equality.

Correct answer: measured

Explanation: The word 'measured' fits grammatically as a past participle that describes how human development is assessed, aligning with the context of using indicators for evaluation.

Meaning: 'Measured' means assessed or evaluated, particularly in terms of quantifiable indicators like health and education.

Wrong options:

• anticipated: 'Anticipated' means expected or predicted, which does not fit the context of assessing development.
• excluded: 'Excluded' means left out, which contradicts the idea of including indicators in the assessment of human development.
• composed: 'Composed' means made up of, which does not fit the context of evaluating or assessing development.

Correct answer: broader

Explanation: The adjective 'broader' fits grammatically as it describes a wider range of freedoms, aligning contextually with the comparative nature of the sentence regarding personal freedoms in democratic states.

Meaning: 'Broader' means wider or more extensive, indicating that democratic states provide a greater variety of personal freedoms.

Wrong options:

• numerous: 'Numerous' means many, which does not convey the idea of range or extent needed in this context.
• few: 'Few' implies a small number, which is contrary to the idea of providing a wide range of freedoms.
• limited: 'Limited' suggests restrictions, which contradicts the notion of offering a broader range of freedoms.