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Practice Reading: Reading and Writing Fill in the Blanks ID: #51294 Invention and Innovation
Instructions ›
Below is a text with blanks. Click on each blank, a list of choices will appear. Select the appropriate choice for each blank.
For  our  purposes  the  words  'invention'  and  'innovation'  can  be  used  interchangeably.  More  ,  however,  the  term  'invention'  refers  to  the  discovery  of  new  products  or  processes,  while  'innovation'  refers  to  the  commercialization  (bringing  to  the  market)  of  new  products  or  processes.  ,  we  can  distinguish  between  product  innovations  and  process  innovations.  Product  innovations  result    the  production  of  a  new  product,  such  as  the  change  from  a  three-wheel  car  to  a  four-wheel  car,  or  the  change  from  LP  records  to  CDs.  Process  innovations  increase  the    of  the  methods  of  production  of  existing  products,  for  example  the  invention  of  the  assembly-line  technique.  The  inventions  and  innovations  that  form  industrial  revolutions  are  those  that  open  new  doors  and  create  new  ways  of  doing  things,  not  simply  those  that  fill  gaps  in  existing  ways  of  doing  things  (Mokyr,  1997).  The  core  of  the  First  Industrial  Revolution  in  the  eighteenth  century  was  a  succession  of  technological  changes  that  brought  about  material  advances  in  three  basic  areas:  (1)  the  substitution  of  mechanical  devices  (such  as  machines)  for  human  labour;  (2)  the  substitution  of  inanimate  sources  of  power  (such  as  steam)  for  animate  sources  of  power  (such  as  horse  power);  and  (3)  the  substitution  of  mineral  raw  materials  for  vegetable  or  animal  substances,  and  in  general  the  use  of  new  and  more    raw  materials.

Result:

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Correct answer: specifically

Explanation: The word 'specifically' is used to indicate a precise distinction between the terms 'invention' and 'innovation,' aligning well with the context of the sentence that aims to clarify their meanings. It fits grammatically as it modifies the verb 'refers' and provides a clear context for the discussion.

Meaning: 'Specifically' means in a detailed and exact manner, emphasizing the particular definitions of the terms being discussed.

Wrong options:

  • naturally: The word 'naturally' implies something that occurs in a normal or expected way, which does not fit the context of defining terms precisely.
  • expectedly: 'Expectedly' suggests something that is anticipated, which does not convey the intended clarification of the terms.
  • extensively: 'Extensively' means covering a large area or scope, which does not align with the need for a precise definition in this context.
Correct answer: Furthermore

Explanation: The word 'Furthermore' is used to introduce an additional point that builds on the previous statement, making it a suitable transition in the context of distinguishing between types of innovations. It fits grammatically as it connects two related ideas smoothly.

Meaning: 'Furthermore' means in addition to what has already been stated, indicating that more information will follow.

Wrong options:

  • However: 'However' introduces a contrast, which does not fit the context of adding information about the types of innovations.
  • Nevertheless: Similar to 'however,' 'nevertheless' indicates a contradiction, which is not the intention here.
  • Anyway: 'Anyway' is informal and does not provide the formal transition needed in this context.
Correct answer: in

Explanation: The preposition 'in' is used to indicate the result of an action or process, fitting grammatically with the phrase 'result in the production.' It correctly conveys the relationship between the innovation and the outcome described.

Meaning: 'In' indicates a location or state, and in this context, it shows the outcome of the innovation process.

Wrong options:

  • on: The preposition 'on' does not convey the correct relationship between the result and the production process.
  • at: 'At' is used to indicate a specific point or location, which does not fit the context of producing something.
  • of: 'Of' indicates possession or belonging, which does not accurately describe the relationship in this context.
Correct answer: efficiency

Explanation: The word 'efficiency' refers to the effectiveness of production methods, making it the correct choice as it aligns with the context of improving production processes. It fits grammatically as a noun that complements the verb 'increase.'

Meaning: 'Efficiency' means the ability to produce something with minimal waste or effort, which is the goal of process innovations.

Wrong options:

  • altitude: 'Altitude' refers to height above sea level, which is irrelevant in this context of production methods.
  • qualification: 'Qualification' pertains to meeting certain criteria or standards, which does not relate to production efficiency.
  • revenue: 'Revenue' refers to income generated from sales, which does not fit the context of improving production methods.
Correct answer: abundant

Explanation: The word 'abundant' describes a large quantity of raw materials, fitting well in the context of discussing new materials used in industrial processes. It aligns grammatically as an adjective that modifies 'raw materials.'

Meaning: 'Abundant' means plentiful or existing in large quantities, which is relevant to the discussion of resources in industrial revolutions.

Wrong options:

  • scant: 'Scant' means insufficient or barely adequate, which contradicts the idea of having plenty of raw materials.
  • snobbish: 'Snobbish' describes a person who is elitist or condescending, which is irrelevant in this context.
  • frugal: 'Frugal' means economical or avoiding waste, which does not convey the idea of having a large supply of materials.

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