Meaning: In this context, 'One' refers to the first of the two conflicting sentiments, specifically the desire to start anew.

Wrong options:

• It: The word 'It' is a pronoun that typically refers to a specific thing or idea, but it does not clearly indicate which of the two sentiments is being discussed, making it less precise in this context.
• What: 'What' is an interrogative pronoun that introduces a question or a clause, which does not fit the declarative nature of the sentence here.
• This: 'This' is a demonstrative pronoun that indicates a specific thing nearby, but it lacks the necessary reference to the previously mentioned sentiments, making it inappropriate.

Correct answer: marks

Explanation: The verb 'marks' is used here to indicate that the new city signifies or represents a new political beginning. It fits grammatically as it aligns with the subject 'the new city' and conveys the intended meaning of establishing a new start.

Meaning: 'Marks' means to indicate or signify something, in this case, the new political beginning represented by the new city.

Wrong options:

• does: The verb 'does' does not convey the intended meaning of indicating or signifying; it is more of an auxiliary verb and does not fit the context here.
• is: The verb 'is' serves as a linking verb but does not imply the action of marking or indicating, which is essential in this context.
• causes: 'Causes' implies a reason for something happening, which does not fit the context of indicating a new beginning.

Correct answer: tend to

Explanation: The phrase 'tend to' indicates a habitual action or inclination, which fits well with the context of people coming to established settlements. It aligns grammatically with the subject 'people' and conveys the intended meaning of a general tendency.

Meaning: 'Tend to' means to have a tendency or inclination towards something, in this case, people are inclined to come to established settlements.

Wrong options:

• are used to: The phrase 'are used to' indicates familiarity or habituation, which does not fit the context of people coming to settlements as it suggests they are accustomed rather than inclined to come.
• ought to: 'Ought to' implies a recommendation or obligation, which does not match the context of describing a natural tendency of people to come to settlements.
• had to: The phrase 'had to' indicates necessity in the past, which does not fit the context of describing a current tendency.

Correct answer: unless

Explanation: The word 'unless' introduces a conditional clause that indicates a situation that must be true for the main clause to hold. It fits grammatically and contextually, as it sets up a condition regarding the development of cities.

Meaning: 'Unless' means 'except if' or 'if not,' indicating that the clash between sentiments is evident in cities that have not developed according to a plan.

Wrong options:

• whenever: 'Whenever' indicates a time condition, which does not fit the context of discussing the relationship between sentiments and city development.
• whereas: 'Whereas' is used to contrast two statements, but it does not convey the conditional relationship needed in this context.
• until: 'Until' indicates a time limit, which does not appropriately express the conditional nature of the relationship being described.

Correct answer: was surveyed

Explanation: The phrase 'was surveyed' is in the past passive voice, indicating that the action of surveying occurred in the past. It fits grammatically with the context of discussing a historical event regarding Currowan.

Meaning: 'Was surveyed' means that the surveying of Currowan took place in the past, specifically in the second half of the 19th century.

Wrong options:

• has been surveyed: 'Has been surveyed' is present perfect tense, which implies an ongoing relevance to the present, but the context requires a simple past tense to indicate a completed action in the past.
• could be surveyed: 'Could be surveyed' suggests a possibility rather than a completed action, which does not fit the context of a historical survey that has already taken place.
• had surveyed: 'Had surveyed' is past perfect tense, which indicates an action completed before another past action, but it does not fit the context of simply stating that the surveying occurred.