Meaning: 'Likely' means having a high probability or chance of occurring.

Wrong options:

• study: 'Study' is a noun that refers to research or investigation, which does not fit grammatically as it does not describe a probability.
• write: 'Write' is a verb that means to compose text, which does not relate to the context of likelihood.
• idea: 'Idea' is a noun that refers to a thought or concept, which does not fit as it does not describe a probability.
• living: 'Living' is a gerund that refers to the act of being alive, which does not fit in this context.
• substantial: 'Substantial' is an adjective that means considerable in quantity or importance, which does not describe likelihood.
• effect: 'Effect' is a noun that refers to a result or outcome, which does not fit as it does not describe a probability.
• effect relationship: 'Effect relationship' is a phrase that does not fit grammatically as it does not describe a probability.

Correct answer: study

Explanation: The term 'study' is a noun that refers to a systematic investigation or research. It fits contextually as it describes the research conducted by the University of Michigan, maintaining grammatical coherence in the sentence.

Meaning: 'Study' refers to a detailed examination or analysis of a subject.

Wrong options:

• likely: 'Likely' is an adjective that indicates probability, which does not fit as it does not refer to a research project.
• write: 'Write' is a verb that means to compose text, which does not fit as it does not refer to a research project.
• idea: 'Idea' is a noun that refers to a thought or concept, which does not fit as it does not describe a research project.
• living: 'Living' is a gerund that refers to the act of being alive, which does not fit in this context.
• substantial: 'Substantial' is an adjective that means considerable in quantity or importance, which does not fit as it does not refer to a research project.
• effect: 'Effect' is a noun that refers to a result or outcome, which does not fit as it does not describe a research project.
• effect relationship: 'Effect relationship' is a phrase that does not fit grammatically as it does not refer to a research project.

Correct answer: substantial

Explanation: The word 'substantial' is an adjective that means considerable in quantity or importance. It fits grammatically and contextually as it describes the significant cause of violence due to exposure, aligning with the overall message of the sentence.

Meaning: 'Substantial' means considerable or significant in amount or degree.

Wrong options:

• likely: 'Likely' is an adjective that indicates probability, which does not fit as it does not describe the cause of violence.
• study: 'Study' is a noun that refers to research, which does not fit as it does not describe a cause.
• idea: 'Idea' is a noun that refers to a thought or concept, which does not fit as it does not describe a cause.
• living: 'Living' is a gerund that refers to the act of being alive, which does not fit in this context.
• effect: 'Effect' is a noun that refers to a result or outcome, which does not fit as it does not describe a cause.
• effect relationship: 'Effect relationship' is a phrase that does not fit grammatically as it does not describe a cause.

Correct answer: effect relationship

Explanation: The phrase 'effect relationship' refers to the connection between cause and effect. It fits grammatically and contextually as it describes the relationship between exposure to gun violence and the resulting violent behavior, maintaining the logical flow of the sentence.

Meaning: 'Effect relationship' refers to the connection between a cause and its resulting effect.

Wrong options:

• likely: 'Likely' is an adjective that indicates probability, which does not fit as it does not describe a relationship between cause and effect.
• study: 'Study' is a noun that refers to research, which does not fit as it does not describe a relationship.
• idea: 'Idea' is a noun that refers to a thought or concept, which does not fit as it does not describe a relationship.
• living: 'Living' is a gerund that refers to the act of being alive, which does not fit in this context.
• substantial: 'Substantial' is an adjective that means considerable in quantity or importance, which does not fit as it does not describe a relationship.
• effect: 'Effect' is a noun that refers to a result or outcome, which does not fit as it does not describe a relationship.