Meaning: 'Established' means to set up or create something on a firm or permanent basis.

Wrong options:

• leftover: 'Leftover' is an adjective that refers to something remaining after the rest has been used or dealt with, which does not fit the context of forming a discipline.
• stated: 'Stated' is a past participle of 'state,' which implies declaring something, but it does not convey the sense of founding or creating a discipline like 'established.'
• although: 'Although' is a conjunction used to introduce a contrast, which does not fit as a verb in this context.
• through: 'Through' is a preposition indicating a means or method, which does not function as a verb to describe the action of founding a subject.
• subject: 'Subject' is a noun that refers to a field of study, but it does not fit grammatically as a verb in this sentence.
• acceptance: 'Acceptance' is a noun that refers to the action of receiving something, which does not fit as a verb to indicate the establishment of sociology.
• though: 'Though' is a conjunction used to introduce a contrast, which does not fit as a verb in this context.

Correct answer: subject

Explanation: The term 'subject' is a noun that fits grammatically as it refers to a field of study, which is the context of the sentence discussing sociology's classification.

Meaning: 'Subject' refers to an area of knowledge or study, particularly in an academic context.

Wrong options:

• leftover: 'Leftover' is an adjective that describes something remaining, which does not fit the context of defining a field of study.
• established: 'Established' is a verb that does not fit as a noun in this context; it describes the action of founding rather than the field itself.
• acceptance: 'Acceptance' is a noun that refers to the act of receiving something, which does not describe a field of study.
• though: 'Though' is a conjunction that introduces a contrast, which does not fit as a noun in this context.
• stated: 'Stated' is a past participle of 'state,' which does not function as a noun and does not describe a field of study.
• through: 'Through' is a preposition that indicates a means or method, which does not fit as a noun in this context.

Correct answer: acceptance

Explanation: The word 'acceptance' is a noun that fits grammatically as it describes the process of being recognized or approved, which aligns with the context of sociology gaining recognition as an academic discipline.

Meaning: 'Acceptance' refers to the action of consenting to receive or undertake something, in this case, the recognition of sociology as a legitimate field of study.

Wrong options:

• leftover: 'Leftover' is an adjective that refers to something remaining, which does not fit the context of gaining recognition.
• subject: 'Subject' is a noun that refers to a field of study, but it does not convey the idea of gaining recognition or approval.
• established: 'Established' is a verb that does not fit as a noun in this context; it describes the action of founding rather than the recognition of a field.
• though: 'Though' is a conjunction that introduces a contrast, which does not fit as a noun in this context.
• stated: 'Stated' is a past participle of 'state,' which does not function as a noun and does not describe the recognition process.
• through: 'Through' is a preposition that indicates a means or method, which does not fit as a noun in this context.

Correct answer: though

Explanation: The word 'though' is a conjunction that fits grammatically to introduce a contrast, indicating that despite Marx's contributions, he lived before sociology was fully established.

Meaning: 'Though' is used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously.

Wrong options:

• leftover: 'Leftover' is an adjective that refers to something remaining, which does not fit as a conjunction to introduce a contrast.
• established: 'Established' is a verb that does not fit as a conjunction in this context; it does not serve to contrast ideas.
• subject: 'Subject' is a noun that does not function as a conjunction and does not fit in this context.
• acceptance: 'Acceptance' is a noun that refers to the act of receiving something, which does not fit as a conjunction to introduce a contrast.
• stated: 'Stated' is a past participle of 'state,' which does not function as a conjunction and does not fit in this context.
• through: 'Through' is a preposition that indicates a means or method, which does not fit as a conjunction in this context.

Correct answer: although

Explanation: The word 'although' is a conjunction that fits grammatically to introduce a contrast, indicating that despite sociology's long history, its recognition in Britain is relatively recent.

Meaning: 'Although' is used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously.

Wrong options:

• leftover: 'Leftover' is an adjective that refers to something remaining, which does not fit as a conjunction to introduce a contrast.
• established: 'Established' is a verb that does not fit as a conjunction in this context; it does not serve to contrast ideas.
• subject: 'Subject' is a noun that does not function as a conjunction and does not fit in this context.
• acceptance: 'Acceptance' is a noun that refers to the act of receiving something, which does not fit as a conjunction to introduce a contrast.
• stated: 'Stated' is a past participle of 'state,' which does not function as a conjunction and does not fit in this context.
• through: 'Through' is a preposition that indicates a means or method, which does not fit as a conjunction in this context.