Meaning: 'Income' refers to money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments.

Wrong options:

• outcome: 'Outcome' is a noun that refers to the result of a process, which does not fit in the context of measuring energy intensity related to financial gain.
• irrelevant: 'Irrelevant' is an adjective that describes something not connected to the matter at hand, which does not fit as it does not represent a financial term.
• relative: 'Relative' is an adjective that describes something in relation to something else, which does not fit as it does not denote a financial concept.
• nonetheless: 'Nonetheless' is an adverb that indicates a contrast, which does not fit as it does not relate to financial gain.
• however: 'However' is an adverb used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously, which does not fit in this context.

Correct answer: relative

Explanation: The term 'relative' is used as an adjective to describe the shares of fossil-based and fossil-free sources in comparison to each other. It fits grammatically and contextually as it indicates a comparison between the two types of energy sources.

Meaning: 'Relative' refers to something that is considered in relation to something else, in this case, the shares of different energy sources.

Wrong options:

• outcome: 'Outcome' does not fit as it refers to a result rather than a comparative measure of shares.
• income: 'Income' is a noun that does not describe the shares of energy sources and does not fit grammatically in this context.
• irrelevant: 'Irrelevant' is an adjective that does not pertain to the comparison of energy shares and does not fit the context.
• nonetheless: 'Nonetheless' is an adverb that indicates contrast and does not fit as it does not describe a comparative relationship.
• however: 'However' is an adverb that introduces a contrast, which does not fit in the context of describing shares.

Correct answer: address

Explanation: The verb 'address' fits grammatically as it means to deal with or discuss a particular issue, which is relevant in the context of climate change. It logically follows the need to take action against climate change.

Meaning: 'Address' means to deal with or discuss a problem or issue.

Wrong options:

• outcome: 'Outcome' does not fit as it refers to a result rather than an action taken to deal with a problem.
• income: 'Income' is a noun that does not relate to taking action against climate change and does not fit grammatically.
• irrelevant: 'Irrelevant' is an adjective that does not pertain to the action of dealing with climate change and does not fit the context.
• nonetheless: 'Nonetheless' is an adverb that indicates contrast and does not fit as it does not relate to taking action.
• however: 'However' is an adverb that introduces a contrast, which does not fit in the context of addressing climate change.

Correct answer: nonetheless

Explanation: The word 'nonetheless' is an adverb that indicates a contrast or concession, fitting grammatically and contextually as it introduces a surprising fact about economic growth despite the challenges of climate change.

Meaning: 'Nonetheless' means in spite of that; nevertheless.

Wrong options:

• outcome: 'Outcome' does not fit as it refers to a result rather than a transitional phrase indicating contrast.
• address: 'Address' is a verb that does not fit as it does not serve as a transitional phrase in this context.
• irrelevant: 'Irrelevant' is an adjective that does not pertain to the context of contrasting statements and does not fit.
• income: 'Income' is a noun that does not serve as a transitional phrase and does not fit grammatically.
• however: 'However' is an adverb that also indicates contrast but does not fit the tone and flow of the sentence as well as 'nonetheless'.

Correct answer: with

Explanation: The preposition 'with' fits grammatically as it indicates a relationship between economic growth and finite physical resources. It logically connects the two concepts in the context of the sentence.

Meaning: 'With' indicates a connection or relationship between two entities, in this case, economic growth and resources.

Wrong options:

• outcome: 'Outcome' does not fit as it does not indicate a relationship and is not a preposition.
• address: 'Address' is a verb that does not fit as it does not serve as a preposition in this context.
• irrelevant: 'Irrelevant' is an adjective that does not pertain to the relationship between economic growth and resources and does not fit.
• income: 'Income' is a noun that does not serve as a preposition and does not fit grammatically.
• nonetheless: 'Nonetheless' is an adverb that indicates contrast and does not fit as it does not express a relationship.