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Practice Reading: Multiple Choice, Single Answer ID: #33587 Transplantation
Instructions ›
Read the text and answer the multiple-choice question by selecting the correct response. Only one response is correct.
The transplantation of organs from one individual to another normally involves two major problems: (1) organ rejection is likely unless the transplantation antigens of both individuals are nearly identical, and (2) the introduction of any unmatched transplantation antigens induces the development by the recipient of donor-specific lymphocytes that will produce violent rejection of further transplantations from that donor. However, we have found that among many strains of rats these "normal" rules of transplantation are not obeyed by liver transplants. Not only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently. Our hypothesis is that (1) many strains of rats simply cannot mount a sufficiently vigorous destructive immune-response (using lymphocytes) to outstrip the liver's relatively great capacity to protect itself from immune-response damage and that (2) the systemic unresponsiveness observed is due to concentration of the recipient's donor-specific lymphocytes at the site of the liver transplant.

The primary purpose of the passage is to treat the accepted generalizations about organ transplantation in which of the following ways?

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Result:

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Option 5: "Present findings that qualify them"

Explanation: The passage presents findings regarding liver transplants in rats that qualify the accepted generalizations about organ transplantation. It highlights that liver transplants do not follow the typical rejection rules, indicating a significant deviation from the established understanding, thus qualifying the generalizations.

Option 1: "Explicate their main features"

Explanation: This option suggests that the passage explains the main features of accepted generalizations about organ transplantation. However, the text does not focus on detailing these features; instead, it presents findings that challenge the generalizations, particularly regarding liver transplants in rats.

Option 2: "Suggest an alternative to them"

Explanation: This option implies that the passage proposes an alternative to the accepted generalizations. While the text presents new findings, it does not explicitly suggest an alternative framework; rather, it qualifies the existing understanding of organ transplantation.

Option 3: "Examine their virtues and limitations"

Explanation: This option indicates that the passage evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the accepted generalizations. However, the text does not engage in a balanced examination; it primarily focuses on presenting findings that challenge the generalizations rather than assessing their merits.

Option 4: "Criticize the major evidence used to support them"

Explanation: This option suggests that the passage critiques the evidence supporting the accepted generalizations. The text does not directly criticize the evidence; instead, it introduces findings that qualify the generalizations without explicitly disputing the evidence itself.

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