Passage Reference: The popular representation of hypnosis - the mysterious hypnotist figure popularized in movies, comic books and television - bears little resemblance to actual hypnotism. In fact, modern understanding of hypnosis contradicts this conception on several key points. Subjects in a hypnotic trance are not slaves to their masters' - they have absolute free will. And they're not really in a semi-sleep state -they're actually hyper attentive.

Tips: If a paragraph says an idea is wrong or misleading, the heading is often about misunderstanding, not explanation.

Why the other options are wrong:

• What happens under hypnosis: This heading sounds tempting, but the paragraph is not explaining the process. It is correcting false beliefs. This is a context shift trap.
• Hypnosis in history: There is no discussion of past events or historical development. This is a wrong section trap.

Key Vocabulary:

• resemblance = similarity
• contradicts = goes against

Question Focus: Main idea - describing the hypnotic state and how people experience it

Passage Reference: . The phenomenon of hypnosis is still a mystery of sorts, but psychiatrists do have some model of how it works. It is a trance state characterized by extreme suggestibility, relaxation and heightened imagination. It's not really like sleep, because the subject is alert the whole time. It is most often compared to daydreaming, or the feeling of 'losing yourself in a book or movie. You are fully conscious, but you tune out most of the stimuli around you. You focus intently on the subject at hand, to the near exclusion of any other thought. This deep hypnosis is often compared to the relaxed mental state between wakefulness and sleep. In conventional hypnosis, you approach the suggestions of the hypnotist, or your own ideas, as if they were reality. If the hypnotist suggests that you are drinking a chocolate milkshake, you'll taste the milkshake and feel it cooling your mouth and throat. If the hypnotist suggests that you are afraid, you may feel panicky or start to sweat. But the entire time, you are aware that it's all imaginary. Essentially, you're 'playing pretend' on an intense level, as kids do. In this special mental state, people are highly suggestible. That is, when the hypnotist tells you to do something, you'll probably embrace the idea completely. This is what makes stage hypnotist shows so entertaining. Normally reserved, sensible adults are suddenly walking around the stage clucking like chickens or singing at the top of their lungs.Fear of embarrassment seems to fly out the window. The subject's sense of safety and morality remain entrenched throughout the experience, however. A hypnotist can't get you to do anything you don't v/ant to do.

Why this is correct: This paragraph explains what hypnosis feels like and how people behave while hypnotized. It describes awareness, imagination, and suggestibility in detail.

Tips: When a paragraph explains how something works step by step, look for a heading about process or experience.

Why the other options are wrong:

• Two levels of mental activity: That idea focuses on conscious versus subconscious thinking, which is explained later. Choosing it here is a wrong section trap.
• Hypnosis and emotions: Emotions are mentioned, but only as examples. The main focus is the overall hypnotic state. This is an example-as-main-idea trap.

Key Vocabulary:

• suggestible = easily influenced
• stimuli = things you notice around you

Question Focus: Main idea - explaining conscious and subconscious minds

Passage Reference: C. The predominant school of thought on hypnosis is that it is a way to access a person's subconscious mind directly. Normally, you are only aware of the thought processes in your conscious mind. You consciously think over the problems that are right in front of you, consciously choose words as you speak, consciously try to remember where you left your keys. But in doing all these things, your conscious mind is working hand-in-hand with your subconscious mind, the unconscious part of your mind that does your 'behind the scenes' thinking. Your subconscious mind accesses the vast reservoir of information that lets you solve problems, construct sentences or locate your keys. It puts together plans and ideas and runs them by your conscious mind. When a new idea comes to you out of the blue, it's because you already thought through the process unconsciously. In short, your subconscious mind does most of your thinking and it decides a lot of what you do. When you're awake, your conscious mind works to evaluate a lot of these thoughts, make decisions and put certain ideas into action. It also processes new information and relays it to the subconscious mind. But when you're asleep, the conscious mind gets out of the way, and your subconscious has free reign. Psychiatrists theorize that the deep relaxation and focusing exercises of hypnotism work to calm and subdue the conscious mind so that it takes a less active role in your thinking process. In this state, you're still aware of what's going on, but your conscious mind takes a back seat to your subconscious mind. Effectively, this allows you and the hypnotist to work directly with the subconscious. It's as if the hypnotism process pops open a control panel inside your brain.

Why this is correct: The paragraph focuses on how the conscious and subconscious minds work together, and how hypnosis changes their roles. This clearly matches the idea of two mental levels.

Tips: If a paragraph defines concepts and explains theory, choose a heading about ideas, not examples.

Why the other options are wrong:

• The healing power of the subconscious mind: Healing is not discussed here. The paragraph explains mental structure, not treatment. This is a context shift trap.
• What happens under hypnosis: Although hypnosis is mentioned, the real focus is mental theory, not experience. This is a partial truth trap.

Key Vocabulary:

• subconscious = part of mind you are not aware of
• evaluate = judge or decide

Question Focus: Main idea - using hypnosis to change habits

Passage Reference: D. The most widespread example of hypnotic behavioural modification is habit-control hypnotic treatment. In this application, a hypnotist focuses on one particular habit that is embedded in your unconscious (smoking or overeating, for example). With the 'control panel' to your mind open, the hypnotist may be able to reprogram your subconscious to reverse the behaviour. Some hypnotists do this by connecting a negative response with the bad habit. For example, the hypnotist might suggest to your subconscious that smoking will cause nausea. If this association is programmed effectively, you will feel sick every time you think about smoking a cigarette. Alternatively, the hypnotist may build up your will power, suggesting to your subconscious that you don't need cigarettes, and you don't want them.

Why this is correct: This paragraph is clearly about changing habits like smoking or overeating through hypnosis. The main theme is modifying behavior.

Tips: If examples are listed, ask yourself what they are examples of. That is usually the heading.

Why the other options are wrong:

• The power OF addictions: Addictions are examples, but the focus is the method of change, not the addiction itself. This is an example-as-main-idea trap.
• The healing power of the subconscious mind: Healing illness is not discussed here. This is a wrong section trap.

Key Vocabulary:

• embedded = deeply fixed
• association = mental connection

Question Focus: Main idea - hypnosis as therapy and medical treatment

Passage Reference: E. One form of psychiatric hypnotherapy involves bringing underlying psychiatric problems up to the conscious level. Accessing fears, memories and repressed emotions can help to clarify difficult issues and bring resolution to persistent problems. A controversial form of hypnotism is medical hypnotherapy. Doctors and spiritual leaders all over the world claim that hypnotic suggestion can ease pain and even cure illness in some patients. The underlying idea behind this is that the mind and body are inextricably intertwined. When you suggest to the subconscious that the body does not feel pain, or that the body is free of disease, the subconscious may actually bring about the change. The success of hypnotherapy is undeniable, but many doctors argue it's clear that the mind can influence all aspects of the physical body, so it makes sense that a firmly held belief can reduce pain or even help treat a disease. In the end, this explanation of hypnosis amounts to pretty much the same thing as the trance theory. When you absolutely convince somebody that you've brought about a change in their subconscious, they register this information as a fact. So, even if the hypnotic state is nothing more than a figment of the subject's imagination, hypnotic suggestions can still reform their deeply held bel

Why this is correct: This paragraph focuses on using hypnosis to heal emotional and physical problems. It emphasizes the power of belief and the subconscious mind in recovery.

Tips: If a paragraph talks about benefits or results, the heading is often about effects or power.

Why the other options are wrong:

• Hypnosis and emotions: Emotions are mentioned, but the paragraph also covers pain and illness. This heading is too narrow. This is a partial truth trap.
• Two levels of mental activity: That theory was explained earlier. Here the focus is treatment results. This is a wrong section trap.

Key Vocabulary:

• inextricably = impossible to separate
• figment = something imagined

General Tips:

• Read all headings first and underline key words before reading the paragraphs.
• Focus on the main idea of each paragraph, not interesting examples.
• Remember that headings follow paragraph order from top to bottom.
• If two headings seem possible, choose the one that covers more of the paragraph.