A Mystery in the Lunchbox
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A. Hungry? Sit right down, we’re having catfish, corn on the cob, baked potatoes and fresh tomatoes. This might turn out to be the most nutritious meal of your life. It might even be the best-tasting dinner you ever had. On the other hand, it might induce an allergic reaction — even though you’re not allergic to any of these foods. Still hungry? Bon appetite!
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B. Last week’s announcement that the US federal government would impose no special regulations on bioengineered foods, in effect permitting them to be marketed exactly like nature’s own, heralds a potentially vast change in our food supply. Virtually, any characteristic of a living organism may now be transferred to another organism; with a few exceptions, the resulting product may be placed on supermarket shelves without federally mandated testing or special labeling. “We will not compromise safety one bit,” Vice President Dan Quayle told the press. “And the consumer will enjoy better, healthier food products at lower prices.” Many specialists in biotechnology agree — in fact, they see consumers around the world benefiting from a new, genetically-engineered green revolution — but critics are urging the government to move ahead more cautiously. A potato that resists disease with the help of chicken gene? A catfish that grows like lightning, thanks to a gene from a virus? Some believe new products like these, which may be on the market by the end of the decade, call for a new regulatory system. “We should have learned from the history of regulating pesticides that we never knew the long-term consequences until it was too late,” says Ellen Haas, executive director of Public Voice for Food and Healthy Policy, a Washington D.C.-based advocacy group. The Food and Drug Administration maintains that most bioengineered foods present no special safety issues. “We’re saying this is just another plant-breeding technique,” says Eric Flamm, deputy director of the FDA’s Office of Biotechnology.
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C. Here’s how bioengineering works: all cells contain DNA, the long molecule shaped like a double helix. A gene is a swatch of DNA that controls a certain characteristic of the organism. In the 1970s, scientists discovered they could clip off a gene-length swatch from a DNA molecule, and later they learned to affix it to a different DNA molecule — a cut-and-paste job that became known as gene splicing and results in what’s called recombinant DNA. Immediately, visions of carrots with the flavour of peanut butter began dancing in the imaginations of scientists and food writers alike. But most current experiments are less exotic. In many ways, the new technology differs little from traditional cross-breeding. "One of the powers of the technology is that you make simple and direct changes and alter the food as little as possible,” says William Belknap, a plant physiologist at the Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service in Albany, California.
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D. The first example of recombinant DNA in a form suitable for lunch makes its debut next summer: the Flavr Savr tomato. Scientists at Calgene, Inc, a biotech company based in Davis, California, isolated the gene in the tomato that triggers the enzyme responsible for rotting and rendered it inactive. Rather than having to be picked hard and green for easy shipping, the tomatoes stay on the vine about five days longer than usual. They can be shipped without refrigeration, which also helps retain flavour, and they’ll resist rotting for more than three weeks, twice as long as their conventionally grown cousins. They aren’t perfect: like other supermarket tomatoes they’re grown with pesticides, they may be waxed, and they still lack the last three to five days of vine-ripening that home-grown tomatoes enjoy. Sampled at Calgene's headquarters, the Flavr Savr tasted fine; whether consumers still find it worth a dollar more per pound remains to be seen.
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E. Several companies are hard at work on plants that will repel pests. Monsanto, a St. Louis, Missouri, chemical company, expects to put many such products on the market before the end of the decade, including cotton resistant to the cotton bollworm and a potato that kills the Colorado potato beetle. The weapon of choice is Bacillus, huringiensis, or BT, a soil-dwelling bacterium that creates a protein crystal that is toxic to certain insects but harmlessly digested by humans. BT has been used for 30 years as an organic pesticide. Scientists can transfer the gene for the toxin into plant cells, and the new plants will produce their own insecticide. Like traditional insecticides, however, these may simply spur the creation of new, more resistant pests. According to Belknap, the solution will be to splice several toxins into a given plant, thus lessening the potential for insects to develop resistance (or inviting the birth of some pretty amazing insects).
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F. Monsanto is also developing herbicide-resistant plants, specifically Roundup-resistant plants. Roundup is one of Monsanto’s most lucrative products, a herbicide with sales of a billion dollars a year. It has been recognized as noncarcinogenic by the Environmental Protection Agency though it’s toxic to fish. Roundup is used as a weed-killer, but it will kill everything else it touches in the field, so farmers have had to apply it carefully. Now, however, Monsanto can isolate the enzyme in, say, com, that is fatally vulnerable to Roundup. A com plant engineered to have twice as much of that enzyme can lose a chunk of it to Roundup and still survive. Critics charge that this technology simply invites farmers to use more Round up. Jim Altemus, manager of public affairs for plant science research at Monsanto, says the aim is to help fanners manage their crops. “Some herbicides are better than others; they can’t all be classified as bad,” he says.
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G. Biotechnology companies were delighted by the FDA’s green light, but not surprised; research conducted by the International Food Biotechnology Council, an industry-funded consortium of scientists, found no safety problems with biotech foods. Environmentalists and other consumer advocates don’t claim the new foods are unsafe by definition, but they do call for tougher scrutiny than the FDA believes is necessary. “The regulations do a lot more to protect the industry than they do to protect the American consumer," says Rebecca Goldburg, a senior scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund, an advocacy group. “The public has a right to know what’s in its food.”
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H. Goldburg and other critics are especially concerned about potential allergens that may be hiding in new products — an orange touched up with a gene from a cherry, for instance. The FDA requires no special testing or labelling unless the new food is substantially different from its traditional version. If the new orange had no vitamin C, for example, it would have to be labelled. A new food containing a “common allergen" would also have to be labelled, but as examples of common allergens the FDA suggests only eggs, milk, Fish, shellfish, tree nuts, wheat and legumes. The truth is, almost any food is an allergen to someone; just because the FDA doesn’t cite zucchini as a frequent danger to the public doesn’t mean a consumer biting into an apple might not get a very unwelcome surprise. According to the FDA, it’s up to the biotechnology industry to police itself on potential allergens. “If you move a gene, you have to prove it is not allergenic or you will have to label it," says Flamm.
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I. Other critics are uneasy about making such dramatic changes with such speed. “We ought to be testing these changes in large populations over large periods of titae,” says Greg Drescher, a director of Old ways Preservation & Exchange Trust, a Boston-based think-tank for food issues. He also questions how useful the new foods really are. “We don’t need to play sorcerer’s apprentice with agriculture,” he says. “We know how to produce good-tasting food in this country. There are much better ways to eat healthfully than a food supply based on techno-foods.” Jeremy Rifkin, the activist who has been fighting biotechnology for years, promises lawsuits and a massive publicity campaigns, and he thinks the public will be on his side. “If people don’t want foods pumped full of hormones and antibiotics, they are never going to go along with genetically-engineered foods,” he says. At the very least, these critics may persuade the FDA to require more labelling of the new foods.
AI explanationShows the answer. Tap to open.
Question Focus: Main idea - a tempting meal that might cause unexpected problems
Why this is correct: Paragraph A describes a delicious, nutritious meal but warns it might induce an allergic reaction. The heading 'Delicious and nutritious dinner. But is it safe?' captures both the appeal and the risk perfectly.
Passage Reference: Hungry? Sit right down, we're having catfish, corn on the cob, baked potatoes and fresh tomatoes. This might turn out to be the most nutritious meal of your life. It might even be the best-tasting dinner you ever had. On the other hand, it might induce an allergic reaction - even though you're not allergic to any of these foods. Still hungry? Bon appetite! B.
Tips: Opening paragraphs that ask a question ('Still hungry?') are often matched to headings that also ask a question ('But is it safe?').
Why the other options are wrong:
- A: No different opinions are presented here - just one scenario. This is a wrong section trap.
- G: Better ways to produce food is not discussed. This paragraph describes eating, not producing.
Key Vocabulary:
- nutritious = full of healthy substances
- allergic reaction = a harmful body response to a substance
Question Focus: Main idea - opposing views on bioengineered food regulation
Passage Reference: Last week's announcement that the US federal government would impose no special regulations on bioengineered foods, in effect permitting them to be marketed exactly like nature's own, heralds a potentially vast change in our food supply. Virtually, any characteristic of a living organism may now be transferred to another organism; with a few exceptions, the resulting product may be placed on supermarket shelves without federally mandated testing or special labeling. 'We will not compromise safety one bit,' Vice President Dan Quayle told the press. 'And the consumer will enjoy better, healthier food products at lower prices.' Many specialists in biotechnology agree - in fact, they see consumers around the world benefiting from a new, genetically-engineered green revolution - but critics are urging the government to move ahead more cautiously. A potato that resists disease with the help of chicken gene? A catfish that grows like lightning, thanks to a gene from a virus? Some believe new products like these, which may be on the market by the end of the decade, call for a new regulatory system. 'We should have learned from the history of regulating pesticides that we never knew the long-term consequences until it was too late,' says Ellen Haas, executive director of Public Voice for Food and Healthy Policy, a Washington D.C.-based advocacy group. The Food and Drug Administration maintains that most bioengineered foods present no special safety issues. 'We're saying this is just another plant-breeding technique
Why this is correct: Paragraph B presents contrasting viewpoints: Vice President Quayle says consumers will enjoy better food, but critics urge caution. The FDA calls it 'just another plant-breeding technique'. These are clearly different opinions.
Tips: When a paragraph gives one side ('We will not compromise safety') and then the other side ('critics are urging'), the heading is about different opinions or a debate.
Why the other options are wrong:
- C: The FDA is mentioned, but the focus is on the debate between supporters and critics, not on who is responsible. This is a partial truth trap.
- D: The mention of pesticide history is just one critic's argument, not the main idea of the whole paragraph.
Key Vocabulary:
- bioengineered = genetically modified
- cautiously = carefully and slowly
Question Focus: Main idea - explaining the scientific process of gene splicing
Passage Reference: Here's how bioengineering works: all cells contain DNA, the long molecule shaped like a double helix. A gene is a swatch of DNA that controls a certain characteristic of the organism. In the 1970s, scientists discovered they could clip off a gene-length swatch from a DNA molecule, and later they learned to affix it to a different DNA molecule - a cut-and-paste job that became known as gene splicing and results in what's called recombinant DNA.
Why this is correct: Paragraph C explains the technical process: DNA, genes, clipping and pasting gene segments, and recombinant DNA. The heading 'Recombination of DNA - how it works' matches this explanation exactly.
Tips: When a paragraph starts with 'Here's how ... works', the heading will usually include 'how it works' or describe a process.
Why the other options are wrong:
- I: The Flavr Savr tomato is not mentioned here. This paragraph is about the science, not a product.
- B: Pest resistance is not discussed. This is purely about how DNA modification works.
Key Vocabulary:
- gene splicing = cutting and joining genes from different organisms
- recombinant DNA = DNA made by combining genes from different sources
Question Focus: Main idea - a specific example of a bioengineered product
Passage Reference: The first example of recombinant DNA in a form suitable for lunch makes its debut next summer: the Flavr Savr tomato.
Why this is correct: Paragraph D is entirely about the Flavr Savr tomato - a genetically engineered tomato that resists rotting. The heading says 'One product of bioengineering technology - a new breed of tomato', which is a perfect match.
Tips: When a paragraph introduces a specific named product, look for a heading that mentions 'one product' or 'one example'.
Why the other options are wrong:
- E: Safety is briefly mentioned ('pesticides', 'waxed') but is not the main focus. The paragraph is about the product itself.
- B: This tomato resists rotting, not pests. These are different problems.
Key Vocabulary:
- rendered inactive = made to stop working
- conventionally grown = produced using traditional farming methods
Question Focus: Main idea - creating plants that can fight off insects
Passage Reference: Several companies are hard at work on plants that will repel pests.
Why this is correct: Paragraph E discusses companies developing plants that repel pests - cotton that resists bollworms, potatoes that kill beetles, using the BT bacterium. This is clearly about pest resistant plants.
Tips: When a paragraph names specific pests (bollworm, beetle) and discusses defence against them, the heading is about pest resistance.
Why the other options are wrong:
- K: Herbicides are not discussed here. This is about insect resistance, not weed killers.
- I: The tomato was covered in the previous paragraph. This is about pest resistance, a different topic.
Key Vocabulary:
- repel = keep away / fight off
- toxic = poisonous
Question Focus: Main idea - a specific herbicide product and the concerns it raises
Passage Reference: Monsanto is also developing herbicide-resistant plants, specifically Roundup-resistant plants.
Why this is correct: Paragraph F focuses on Roundup, one specific herbicide, and Monsanto's plants engineered to survive it. Critics say this technology invites more herbicide use. The heading 'One member of the herbicide family, and its problems' captures both the product and the criticism.
Tips: When a paragraph focuses on one named product (Roundup) and discusses both its use and its criticism, look for a heading that mentions 'one member' and 'problems'.
Why the other options are wrong:
- B: This is about herbicide resistance (surviving weed killer), not pest resistance (fighting insects). These are different concepts.
- J: Business benefits are not discussed here. The focus is on the herbicide itself.
Key Vocabulary:
- herbicide = a chemical that kills weeds
- lucrative = producing a lot of profit
Question Focus: Main idea - industry welcomes the decision but consumers want transparency
Passage Reference: Biotechnology companies were delighted by the FDA's green light, but not surprised; research conducted by the International Food Biotechnology Council, an industry-funded consortium of scientists, found no safety problems with biotech foods. Environmentalists and other consumer advocates don't claim the new foods are unsafe by definition, but they do call for tougher scrutiny than the FDA believes is necessary. 'The regulations do a lot more to protect the industry than they do to protect the American consumer," says Rebecca Goldburg, a senior scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund, an advocacy group. 'The public has a right to know what's in its food.' H.
Why this is correct: Paragraph G shows two sides: companies are delighted (good news for business), but consumer advocates say the public has a right to know what is in its food. The heading captures both the business benefit and the consumer demand.
Tips: When a paragraph starts with how happy businesses are and ends with consumer demands, look for a heading that mentions both business and consumers.
Why the other options are wrong:
- C: This paragraph does mention the FDA, but the main focus is on the contrast between business joy and consumer rights, not about who bears responsibility.
- A: Different opinions were the focus of paragraph B. This paragraph is more specific about business vs. consumer interests.
Key Vocabulary:
- green light = approval / permission to go ahead
- scrutiny = careful examination
Question Focus: Main idea - the FDA leaves allergen policing to the industry itself
Passage Reference: it's up to the biotechnology industry to police itself on potential allergens.
Why this is correct: Paragraph H discusses hidden allergens in new foods. The key sentence is: 'it's up to the biotechnology industry to police itself on potential allergens'. The FDA sets limited rules but ultimately puts responsibility on the industry, not itself.
Tips: When a paragraph ends with a clear statement about responsibility ('it's up to X'), that statement usually matches the heading.
Why the other options are wrong:
- D: Dangerous consequences are mentioned (hidden allergens), but the paragraph's main point is about who is responsible for policing - the industry, not the FDA.
- J: Consumer rights were the focus of the previous paragraph. This one is about regulatory responsibility.
Key Vocabulary:
- allergen = a substance that causes an allergic reaction
- labelling = putting information on a product
Question Focus: Main idea - critics argue traditional food production is superior
Passage Reference: There are much better ways to eat healthfully than a food supply based on techno-foods
Why this is correct: Paragraph I features critics who say we do not need biotech food. Greg Drescher says 'There are much better ways to eat healthfully than a food supply based on techno-foods.' This matches the heading about better ways than biotechnology.
Tips: When a paragraph quotes someone saying 'there are better ways', look for a heading that says the same thing. Direct quotes often contain the key idea.
Why the other options are wrong:
- A: While opinions are expressed, they are all on one side (against biotech). The heading 'Different opinions' implies both sides are presented.
- D: Long-term consequences are mentioned, but the central message is that alternatives exist and are better.
Key Vocabulary:
- sorcerer's apprentice = someone who starts something they cannot control
- techno-foods = foods produced using technology and genetic engineering
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