Passage Reference: The top scoring individual in the contest, Marie Bidmead, 68, a mother of five from Churcham, Gloucester, was also a vegetarian. 'I think it shows we veggies are good thinkers. We think about what we eat for a start,' she said. D.

Common Mistake: Students may write intelligent because the passage talks a lot about IQ. But the exact word used to describe vegetarians here is thinkers, so using a synonym is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'good thinkers' = Summary: 'better thinkers'

Tips: Look for quoted speech - it often gives very clear wording you can copy.

Key Vocabulary:

• thinker = someone who thinks well

Question Focus: Direct detail from passage about reasons for becoming vegetarian

Correct Answer: health

Passage Reference: But they say it is unclear whether bright children choose to become vegetarians for the health benefits or for other reasons, such as a concern for animals, or as a lifestyle choice. E.

Why this is correct: The summary says people believe vegetarianism is beneficial for something. The passage clearly mentions health benefits as one possible reason.

Common Mistake: Students may write body or diet, which are not in the passage. You must copy the exact word. Writing a similar idea is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'health benefits' = Summary: 'beneficial for their health'

Tips: When the question says 'beneficial for', scan for 'benefits' in the passage.

Key Vocabulary:

• benefit = advantage

Question Focus: Matching causes of heart disease

Correct Answer: blood pressure

Passage Reference: A vegetarian diet is associated with a lower cholesterol level, lower blood pressure and less obesity - all risk factors for heart disease.

Why this is correct: The passage lists blood pressure and cholesterol as risk factors for heart disease. The summary repeats this idea.

Common Mistake: Students sometimes write high fat, which appears later in the summary but not as a cause here. That is a context shift trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'lower blood pressure' = Summary: 'High blood pressure'

Tips: Lists in the passage often become lists in the summary - match them carefully.

Key Vocabulary:

• risk factor = something that increases danger

Question Focus: Reason for choosing vegetarianism

Correct Answer: ethical

Passage Reference: Despite their intelligence they were not wealthier and more likely to be working for charities or in education. 'It may be that ethical considerations determined not just their diet but also their choice of employment,' the report said. J.

Why this is correct: The passage says their diet choice may be decided by ethical considerations. The summary shortens this to ethical reasons.

Common Mistake: Students may write moral, which is similar but not the same word. That is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'ethical considerations' = Summary: 'ethical reasons'

Tips: When the summary shortens a phrase, copy the key word exactly from the passage.

Key Vocabulary:

• ethical = about right and wrong

Question Focus: Paraphrase of preference

Correct Answer: vegetarian diet

Passage Reference: Bright children are more likely to reject meat and opt to become vegetarians when they grow up, a study has shown.

Why this is correct: The summary says intelligent children prefer something. The passage explains they choose to become vegetarians, which means a vegetarian diet.

Common Mistake: Students may write vegetarianism, which does not fit grammatically here. This is a grammar trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'become vegetarians' = Summary: 'prefer a vegetarian diet'

Tips: Check articles like 'a' before the gap - they tell you the grammar you need.

Key Vocabulary:

• diet = what you eat

Question Focus: Detail about what vegetarians eat

Correct Answer: less fat

Passage Reference: A vegetarian diet is associated with a lower cholesterol level, lower blood pressure and less obesity - all risk factors for heart disease.

Why this is correct: The summary explains vegetarians eat differently. Eating less fat explains why there is less obesity mentioned in the passage.

Common Mistake: Students sometimes write low fat, which is not in the passage. That is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'less obesity' = Summary: 'eat less fat'

Tips: Cause and effect may be reversed in summaries - focus on the idea, then copy the exact words.

Key Vocabulary:

• obesity = being very overweight

Question Focus: Diet content comparison

Correct Answer: fibre

Passage Reference: A vegetarian diet is associated with a lower cholesterol level, lower blood pressure and less obesity - all risk factors for heart disease.

Why this is correct: Vegetarian diets naturally contain more fibre, which fits the comparison in the summary.

Common Mistake: Students may write vegetables, which is logical but not stated. That is a Not Given trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'vegetarian diet' = Summary: 'eat more fibre'

Tips: Both British and American spelling can be accepted if listed in answers.

Key Vocabulary:

• fibre = plant material that helps digestion

Question Focus: Reference word linking ideas

Correct Answer: diet

Passage Reference: A vegetarian diet is associated with a lower cholesterol level, lower blood pressure and less obesity - all risk factors for heart disease.

Why this is correct: The summary says 'This ___ results in...'. The passage repeatedly refers to the diet as the cause of health benefits.

Common Mistake: Students may write lifestyle, which appears elsewhere. That is a wrong section trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'A vegetarian diet is associated with...' = Summary: 'This diet results in...'

Tips: Words like 'this' usually refer back to the main noun in the previous sentence.

Key Vocabulary:

• result in = cause

Question Focus: Final conclusion of research

Correct Answer: heart disease

Passage Reference: may help to explain why higher IQ in childhood or adolescence is linked with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease in adult life.

Why this is correct: The conclusion links higher intelligence with reduced risk of heart disease. The summary uses the same idea.

Common Mistake: Students may write cholesterol, which is related but not the final outcome. This is a partial truth trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'coronary heart disease' = Summary: 'heart disease'

Tips: The last gap often comes from the conclusion paragraph - jump there.

Key Vocabulary:

• coronary = related to the heart

Question Focus: Specific figure from study

Correct Answer: 366

Passage Reference: Now aged 36, the researchers found 366, just under one in 20, said they were vegetarians

Why this is correct: The passage clearly states that 366 people said they were vegetarians at age 36.

Common Mistake: Students may write one in 20, which is descriptive but not the exact number asked for. This is a paraphrase trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: '366' = Question: 'How many people'

Tips: When a question asks 'How many', scan for numbers quickly.

Key Vocabulary:

• aged = having a certain age

Question Focus: Employment fields

Correct Answer: charities and education

Passage Reference: Despite their intelligence they were not wealthier and more likely to be working for charities or in education.

Why this is correct: The passage says vegetarians were more likely to work in charities or education, which the summary combines.

Common Mistake: Students may write only charities, missing part of the answer. That is a partial truth trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'working for charities or in education' = Question: 'In which professions'

Tips: If the passage gives two items, check if the question expects both.

Key Vocabulary:

• profession = type of job

Question Focus: Time reference

Correct Answer: early last century

Passage Reference: However, early last century doctors were less enamoured of the practice. Robert Hutchison told the British Medical Association in 1930: 'Vegetarianism is harmless enough though it is apt to fill a man with wind and self-righteousness.' H.

Why this is correct: The passage states that doctors were critical early last century, and gives 1930 as a specific example.

Common Mistake: Students may write last century, which is too vague. This is a qualification trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'early last century' = Question: 'When was vegetarianism unpopular'

Tips: If two time expressions are given, check which one fits the word limit best.

Key Vocabulary:

• enamoured = fond of

General Tips:

• Summary completion questions follow passage order - once you find one answer, keep reading forward.
• Always copy the exact word or words from the passage. Synonyms are usually wrong.
• Check the grammar around the gap - articles, prepositions, and plurals give strong clues.
• Watch the word limit carefully. One extra word makes the answer wrong.
• Use numbers exactly as written in the passage when the question asks 'How many'.