Passage Reference: But behind the marketing spiel about Aibo's autonomous behaviour patterns, simulated emotions and instincts, 'lovable shape' and 'four highly expressive legs', lurks a serious point.

Common Mistake: Students may write automatic or independent, but you must copy the exact word from the passage. This is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'autonomous behaviour patterns' = Summary: 'advertised to have ... behaviour patterns'

Tips: When the summary sounds very close to the passage, look for an exact phrase you can copy.

Key Vocabulary:

• autonomous = independent

Question Focus: Exact word match

Correct Answer: simulated

Passage Reference: But behind the marketing spiel about Aibo's autonomous behaviour patterns, simulated emotions and instincts, 'lovable shape' and 'four highly expressive legs', lurks a serious point.

Why this is correct: The summary says 'feelings'. The passage uses the phrase simulated emotions, which clearly matches.

Common Mistake: Writing artificial or fake instead of copying simulated. This is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'simulated emotions' = Summary: 'simulated feelings'

Tips: Even if the summary changes the noun, the adjective often stays the same.

Key Vocabulary:

• simulated = not real, copied

Question Focus: Direct statement

Correct Answer: biology

Passage Reference: Aibo is merely the latest example of a robot inspired by biology.

Why this is correct: The passage clearly states that Aibo is inspired by biology, not technology.

Common Mistake: Choosing technology because robots seem technological. This is a contradiction trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'inspired by biology' = Summary: 'inspiration of biology'

Tips: Do not use your own logic. Always trust the passage.

Key Vocabulary:

• biology = study of living things

Question Focus: Paraphrase with quantity

Correct Answer: little energy

Passage Reference: . Understanding how fish manage to swim so quickly but expend so little ener

Why this is correct: The summary says 'with so ... consumed'. The passage says fish expend so little energy.

Common Mistake: Writing low energy or less energy. You must copy the exact phrase. This is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'expend so little energy' = Summary: 'with so ... consumed'

Tips: Quantity phrases like 'little' and 'few' are often tested exactly.

Key Vocabulary:

• expend = use up

Question Focus: Exact phrase copy

Correct Answer: new population systems

Passage Reference: y could also lead to new population systems for ships and submarines.

Why this is correct: The passage directly says this research could lead to new population systems for ships and submarines.

Common Mistake: Dropping one word like population systems only. This is a partial truth trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'new population systems for ships and submarines' = Summary: 'produce ... for submarines'

Tips: If the phrase is unusual, it is probably tested exactly.

Key Vocabulary:

• population systems = power systems

Question Focus: Specific example

Correct Answer: robotic sea bream

Passage Reference: . This may explain why Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, a Japanese company whose activities include shipbuilding, has spent four years and $lm building an incredibly lifelike robotic sea bream.

Why this is correct: The passage states Mitsubishi built an incredibly lifelike robotic sea bream.

Common Mistake: Writing only sea bream and missing 'robotic'. This is a partial truth trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'robotic sea bream' = Summary: 'building a ...'

Tips: Names of examples often include adjectives you must not drop.

Key Vocabulary:

• lifelike = very realistic

Question Focus: Example detail

Correct Answer: robotic pike

Passage Reference: ) Similarly inspired robotic pike and tuna have been built at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Why this is correct: MIT is said to have built robotic pike.

Common Mistake: Adding tuna as well. The summary needs one example only. This is a partial truth trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'robotic pike and tuna' = Summary: 'MIT has already produced ...'

Tips: Do not add extra examples if the gap allows only one.

Key Vocabulary:

• pike = a type of fish

Question Focus: Synonym match

Correct Answer: animal kingdom

Passage Reference: o borrow useful ideas from the animal kingdom.

Why this is correct: The passage says robots borrow ideas from the animal kingdom.

Common Mistake: Writing animals only. This is too vague. This is a partial truth trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'animal kingdom' = Summary: 'Knowledge of the animal kingdom'

Tips: Two-word fixed phrases are often tested as a unit.

Key Vocabulary:

• kingdom = group

Question Focus: Location detail

Correct Answer: outer space

Passage Reference: n one of the environments that natural selection has not yet managed to penetrate - outer space.

Why this is correct: The system operates in outer space, which natural selection has not penetrated.

Common Mistake: Writing space only. This misses part of the phrase. This is a partial truth trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'outer space' = Summary: 'operating in outer space'

Tips: If the passage gives a full phrase, copy all of it.

Key Vocabulary:

• penetrate = enter

Question Focus: Exact phrase

Correct Answer: concerned with

Passage Reference: . Dr. Tilden is concerned with not so much with what animals look like as with how their nervous systems work.

Why this is correct: The passage says Dr. Tilden is concerned with how systems work.

Common Mistake: Writing interested in. This is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'concerned with' = Summary: 'what scientists are most ...'

Tips: Preposition phrases must be copied exactly.

Key Vocabulary:

• concerned with = focused on

Question Focus: Key concept

Correct Answer: nervous systems

Passage Reference: s with how their nervous systems work.

Why this is correct: Scientists focus on how animals' nervous systems work.

Common Mistake: Writing brains. This changes the meaning. This is a paraphrase trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'nervous systems work' = Summary: 'how their nervous systems work'

Tips: Scientific terms are usually tested word-for-word.

Key Vocabulary:

• nervous system = control network

Question Focus: Contrast concept

Correct Answer: analogue circuitry

Passage Reference: , much of that circuitry is analogue rather than digital.

Why this is correct: The passage contrasts analogue circuitry with digital systems.

Common Mistake: Writing analogue systems. This is not the exact wording. This is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'analogue rather than digital' = Summary: 'analogue circuitry rather than digital one'

Tips: When two ideas are contrasted, both sides matter.

Key Vocabulary:

• analogue = continuous

Question Focus: Cause and effect

Correct Answer: break down

Passage Reference: , it break down. With analogue circuitry, however, there is no such thing as an independent, critical piece of data - everything is coupled together as one continuous flow of current. If some informat

Why this is correct: The passage says digital computers break down if information is missing.

Common Mistake: Writing fail. This is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'it break down' = Summary: 'computers will not break down'

Tips: Modal verbs like 'will not' control verb form.

Key Vocabulary:

• break down = stop working

Question Focus: Condition detail

Correct Answer: missing

Passage Reference: . If some information goes missi

Why this is correct: The passage clearly uses the word missing.

Common Mistake: Writing lost. This is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'goes missing' = Summary: 'goes missing'

Tips: Short, simple words are often tested exactly.

Key Vocabulary:

• missing = not there

Question Focus: Passive verb

Correct Answer: tested

Passage Reference: em is being tested in an experimental Swedish satellite called Hugin.

Why this is correct: The satellite system is being tested in Sweden.

Common Mistake: Writing used. This is a time/tense trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'is being tested' = Summary: 'is now being tested'

Tips: Check verb tense carefully in summaries.

Key Vocabulary:

• tested = tried

Question Focus: Comparison reference

Correct Answer: robotic dog

Passage Reference: y. It may not be as photogenic as a robotic

Why this is correct: The passage compares the system to a robotic dog.

Common Mistake: Writing Aibo. This is a context shift trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'a robotic dog' = Summary: 'than a robotic dog'

Tips: The final sentence often refers back to the introduction.

Key Vocabulary:

• photogenic = good-looking

General Tips:

• Summary completion questions follow passage order. Use the previous gap to find the next.
• Always copy the exact words from the passage. Synonyms are usually wrong.
• Check grammar clues like articles, prepositions, and verb forms around the gap.
• Watch the word limit carefully. Extra words make the answer wrong.
• Do not use your own knowledge. Only use what the passage says.