Passage Reference: E. Now we have a formula to calculate the amount of holiday time needed to recover from the stress of preparing for what should be our annual period of rest and recuperation. The formula, devised by Ms Quilliam, is calculated

Common Mistake: Students often write created or invented, but those words are not in the passage. You must copy the exact word. This is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'The formula, devised by Ms Quilliam' = Summary: 'has devised a simple mathematical equation'

Tips: When the summary uses 'has', check if the passage uses a past participle like devised or created.

Key Vocabulary:

• devised = created

Question Focus: Synonym match - summary says 'as a result of our' and the passage explains the cause.

Correct Answer: pressurised lifestyles

Passage Reference: . F. Ms Quilliam points out that taking a holiday is no longer a question of catching a bus to the nearest seaside resort with your bucket and spade. Today's pressurised lifestyles mean that going on holiday is a lot more stressful.

Why this is correct: The passage explains that holidays are more stressful because of today's pressurised lifestyles. The summary paraphrases this as 'as a result of our ...'.

Common Mistake: Students sometimes write stressful lives, but that phrase is not in the passage. This is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'Today's pressurised lifestyles mean' = Summary: 'as a result of our ...'

Tips: After 'result of', always look for a noun phrase in the passage.

Key Vocabulary:

• pressurised = stressful

Question Focus: Synonym match - summary mentions reducing stress and the passage explains how.

Correct Answer: realistic expectations

Passage Reference: e max! So according to Ms Quilliam, the secret to a stress-free holiday is planning and having realistic expectations. This means concluding any unfinished work in the office and ensuring the children are sufficiently entertained during the trip.

Why this is correct: The passage says the secret to a stress-free holiday is planning and having realistic expectations. The summary paraphrases this as a way to decrease stress levels.

Common Mistake: Students may write planning ahead, but that is only part of the idea. This is a partial truth trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'having realistic expectations' = Summary: 'having ... of the holiday'

Tips: If the summary uses 'having', look for an -ing structure in the passage.

Key Vocabulary:

• realistic = sensible

Question Focus: Synonym match - summary shortens the idea from the passage.

Correct Answer: unfinished work

Passage Reference: tions. This means concluding any unfinished work in the office and ensuring the children are sufficiently entertained during the trip.

Why this is correct: The passage explains that stress is reduced by concluding unfinished work before leaving. The summary shortens this idea but keeps the same meaning.

Common Mistake: Students sometimes write all work, which is too general and not in the passage. This is a paraphrase trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'concluding any unfinished work' = Summary: 'making sure you complete ... before leaving'

Tips: You can drop small words like 'any' if the shorter phrase still matches the passage.

Key Vocabulary:

• concluding = finishing

Question Focus: Detail match - survey example.

Correct Answer: tell their bosses

Passage Reference: cent). Amazingly, a tiny minority of travellers (a little over 1 per cent) actually forgot to tell their bosses they were going on

Why this is correct: The passage gives a clear example that some people forgot to tell their bosses they were going on holiday. The summary refers directly to this mistake.

Common Mistake: Students sometimes write tell the boss, which changes the wording and grammar. This is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'forgot to tell their bosses' = Summary: 'didn't even remember to ...'

Tips: When the passage gives a concrete example, copy it exactly.

Key Vocabulary:

• bosses = managers

Question Focus: Detail match - type of bodily change.

Correct Answer: hormonal

Passage Reference: C. Susan Quilliam, psychologist body language expert and regular TV and radio commentator, states that stress creates actual changes in the body's hormonal balance and these take a while to dissipate. Ms Quilliam says that stress such as that caused by trying to arrange a holiday, creates hormonal changes in the body, including mood alteration.

Why this is correct: The passage states that stress creates hormonal changes in the body. The question asks what kind of change, so hormonal is the correct word.

Common Mistake: Students may write mood or psychological, but the question is about the body. This is a context shift trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'hormonal changes' = Question: 'What kind of change can we experience?'

Tips: For short questions, look for adjective + noun phrases in the passage.

Key Vocabulary:

• hormonal = related to hormones

Question Focus: Direct match - calculation method.

Correct Answer: formula

Passage Reference: E. Now we have a formula to calculate the amount of holiday time needed to recover from the stress of preparing for what should be our annual period of rest and recuperation. The formula, devised by Ms Quilliam, is calculated thus: time spent preparing for the holiday, multiplied by the level of stress caused by the preparation (on a scale of 0 to 9), then divided by the stress Level of the holiday (on a scale of 1 to 15). The result is the number of recovery hours needed before relaxation is possible.

Why this is correct: The passage clearly says we have a formula to calculate recovery time. The question asks exactly what we use.

Common Mistake: Students sometimes write equation, but that word is not used. This is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'we have a formula to calculate' = Question: 'What can we use to calculate?'

Tips: If the question repeats the same verb as the passage, copy the key noun.

Key Vocabulary:

• formula = calculation method

Question Focus: Detail match - past holiday habits.

Correct Answer: Bucket and spade

Passage Reference: that taking a holiday is no longer a question of catching a bus to the nearest seaside resort with your bucket and spade.

Why this is correct: The passage contrasts modern holidays with the past, when people took a bucket and spade to the seaside. This directly answers the question.

Common Mistake: Students may write only bucket, which is incomplete. This is a partial truth trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'with your bucket and spade' = Question: 'What did people use to take?'

Tips: Lists joined by 'and' usually need both items to be correct.

Key Vocabulary:

• seaside resort = beach holiday

Question Focus: Detail match - survey result.

Correct Answer: Severely stressed

Passage Reference: ed out. More than 83 per cent of people surveyed admitted to getting 'severely stressed' in the run-up to their holiday.

Why this is correct: The survey results say over 83 percent of people felt severely stressed before their holiday. The question asks how most holidaymakers feel at that time.

Common Mistake: Students sometimes write stressed out, which is informal and not the exact wording. This is a synonym trap.

Paraphrasing: Passage: 'severely stressed' = Question: 'How do most holidaymakers feel?'

Tips: Survey questions often repeat exact phrases. Scan for percentages.

Key Vocabulary:

• severely = very

General Tips:

• Summary completion follows passage order. Find gap 1, then scan forward for the next answers.
• Always copy the exact word or words from the passage. Synonyms are marked wrong.
• Check grammar clues like prepositions and verbs before the gap to know what form you need.
• Keep an eye on the word limit. Three words means three words maximum.