| YES | if the statement agrees with the views of the writer |
| NO | if the statement contradicts the views of the writer |
| NOT GIVEN | if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this |
All about hypnosis
A. The popular representation of hypnosis - the mysterious hypnotist figure popularized in movies, comic books and television - bears little resemblance to actual hypnotism.
In fact, modern understanding of hypnosis contradicts this conception on several key points. Subjects in a hypnotic trance are not slaves to their masters' - they have absolute free will. And they’re not really in a semi-sleep state -they’re actually hyper attentive.
B. The phenomenon of hypnosis is still a mystery of sorts, but psychiatrists do have some model of how it works. It is a trance state characterized by extreme suggestibility, relaxation and heightened imagination. It’s not really like sleep, because the subject is alert the whole time. It is most often compared to daydreaming, or the feeling of 'losing yourself in a book or movie. You are fully conscious, but you tune out most of the stimuli around you. You focus intently on the subject at hand, to the near exclusion of any other thought. This deep hypnosis is often compared to the relaxed mental state between wakefulness and sleep.
In conventional hypnosis, you approach the suggestions of the hypnotist, or your own ideas, as if they were reality.
If the hypnotist suggests that you are drinking a chocolate milkshake, you'll taste the milkshake and feel it cooling your mouth and throat. If the hypnotist suggests that you are afraid, you may feel panicky or start to sweat. But the entire time, you are aware that it’s all imaginary. Essentially, you’re ‘playing pretend' on an intense level, as kids do.
In this special mental state, people are highly suggestible. That is, when the hypnotist tells you to do something, you'll probably embrace the idea completely. This is what makes stage hypnotist shows so entertaining. Normally reserved, sensible adults are suddenly walking around the stage clucking like chickens or singing at the top of their lungs. Fear of embarrassment seems to fly out the window. The subject's sense of safety and morality remain entrenched throughout the experience, however. A hypnotist can't get you to do anything you don’t v/ant to do.
C. The predominant school of thought on hypnosis is that it is a way to access a person’s subconscious mind directly. Normally, you are only aware of the thought processes in your conscious mind. You consciously think over the problems that are right in front of you, consciously choose words as you speak, consciously try to remember where you left your keys.
But in doing all these things, your conscious mind is working hand-in-hand with your subconscious mind, the unconscious part of your mind that does your ‘behind the scenes’ thinking. Your subconscious mind accesses the vast reservoir of information that lets you solve problems, construct sentences or locate your keys. It puts together plans and ideas and runs them by your conscious mind. When a new idea comes to you out of the blue, it's because you already thought through the process unconsciously. In short, your subconscious mind does most of your thinking and it decides a lot of what you do. When you’re awake, your conscious mind works to evaluate a lot of these thoughts, make decisions and put certain ideas into action. It also processes new information and relays it to the subconscious mind. But when you’re asleep, the conscious mind gets out of the way, and your subconscious has free reign.
Psychiatrists theorize that the deep relaxation and focusing exercises of hypnotism work to calm and subdue the conscious mind so that it takes a less active role in your thinking process. In this state, you’re still aware of what’s going on, but your conscious mind takes a back seat to your subconscious mind. Effectively, this allows you and the hypnotist to work directly with the subconscious. It’s as if the hypnotism process pops open a control panel inside your brain.
D. The most widespread example of hypnotic behavioural modification is habit-control hypnotic treatment. In this application, a hypnotist focuses on one particular habit that is embedded in your unconscious (smoking or overeating, for example). With the ‘control panel' to your mind open, the hypnotist may be able to reprogram your subconscious to reverse the behaviour. Some hypnotists do this by connecting a negative response with the bad habit. For example, the hypnotist might suggest to your subconscious that smoking will cause nausea. If this association is programmed effectively, you will feel sick every time you think about smoking a cigarette. Alternatively, the hypnotist may build up your will power, suggesting to your subconscious that you don't need cigarettes, and you don't want them.
E. One form of psychiatric hypnotherapy involves bringing underlying psychiatric problems up to the conscious level. Accessing fears, memories and repressed emotions can help to clarify difficult issues and bring resolution to persistent problems.
A controversial form of hypnotism is medical hypnotherapy. Doctors and spiritual leaders all over the world claim that hypnotic suggestion can ease pain and even cure illness in some patients. The underlying idea behind this is that the mind and body are inextricably intertwined. When you suggest to the subconscious that the body does not feel pain, or that the body is free of disease, the subconscious may actually bring about the change.
The success of hypnotherapy is undeniable, but many doctors argue it’s clear that the mind can influence all aspects of the physical body, so it makes sense that a firmly held belief can reduce pain or even help treat a disease. In the end, this explanation of hypnosis amounts to pretty much the same thing as the trance theory. When you absolutely convince somebody that you've brought about a change in their subconscious, they register this information as a fact. So, even if the hypnotic state is nothing more than a figment of the subject's imagination, hypnotic suggestions can still reform their deeply held beliefs.
AI explanationShows the answer. Tap to open.
Question Focus: Writer opinion about whether hypnotised people confuse imagination with reality.
Correct Answer: NO
Why this is correct: The writer clearly says that hypnotised people know it is imaginary. This directly disagrees with the statement that reality and imagination become unclear, so the answer is NO.
Passage Reference: If the hypnotist suggests that you are afraid, you may feel panicky or start to sweat. But the entire time, you are aware that it's all imaginary. Essentially, you're 'playing pretend' on an intense level, as kids do.
Common Mistake: Choosing YES because the reactions feel real. This is a Contradiction trap because the passage says people still know it is imaginary.
Paraphrasing: Passage: 'you are aware that it's all imaginary' = Statement: 'distinction between reality and imagination becomes unclear'
Tips: If the passage says the opposite idea using clear words like 'aware' or 'imaginary', the answer is NO.
Key Vocabulary:
- imaginary = not real
- aware = knowing
Question Focus: Writer opinion about morality and control during hypnosis.
Correct Answer: NO
Passage Reference: Fear of embarrassment seems to fly out the window. The subject's sense of safety and morality remain entrenched throughout the experience, however. A hypnotist can't get you to do anything you don't v/ant to do.
Why this is correct: The writer clearly disagrees with the idea in the statement. They say morality stays strong and a hypnotist cannot make you do something you do not want to do, so the answer is NO.
Common Mistake: Choosing YES because of the funny stage show examples. This is a Context shift trap because entertainment is not the same as moral disapproval.
Paraphrasing: Passage: 'can't get you to do anything you don't want to do' = Statement: 'can be persuaded to do things they would normally disapprove of'
Tips: Do not confuse embarrassment with morality. Look for clear limits the writer mentions.
Key Vocabulary:
- morality = sense of right and wrong
- entrenched = firmly fixed
Question Focus: Writer opinion using theory words like 'psychiatrists theorize'.
Correct Answer: YES
Passage Reference: Psychiatrists theorize that the deep relaxation and focusing exercises of hypnotism work to calm and subdue the conscious mind so that it takes a less active role in your thinking process. In this state, you're still aware of what's going on, but your conscious mind takes a back seat to your subconscious mind.
Why this is correct: The writer supports this view by explaining that hypnotism calms and subdues the conscious mind. This clearly agrees with the statement, so the answer is YES.
Common Mistake: Choosing NOT GIVEN because it sounds technical. This is a Synonym match situation where different words mean the same thing.
Paraphrasing: Passage: 'takes a less active role' = Statement: 'reduces the activity'
Tips: Words like 'theorize' still show the writer supports an idea. That is YES, not NOT GIVEN.
Key Vocabulary:
- subdue = calm or reduce
- conscious mind = thinking part of the mind
Question Focus: Checking whether the writer gives an opinion about success compared to other methods.
Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
Passage Reference: The most widespread example of hypnotic behavioural modification is habit-control hypnotic treatment. In this application, a hypnotist focuses on one particular habit that is embedded in your unconscious (smoking or overeating, for example).
Why this is correct: The passage mentions hypnosis being used for smoking, but the writer does not compare its success with other methods or say it is one of the most successful. Since this opinion is missing, the answer is NOT GIVEN.
Common Mistake: Choosing YES because smoking is mentioned. This is a Partial truth trap because use does not mean high success.
Paraphrasing: Passage: 'habit-control hypnotic treatment' = Statement: 'giving up smoking'
Tips: If the passage talks about use but not effectiveness level, choose NOT GIVEN.
Key Vocabulary:
- habit-control = changing behaviour
- widespread = common
Question Focus: Strong opinion marker showing certainty.
Correct Answer: YES
Passage Reference: The success of hypnotherapy is undeniable, but many doctors argue it's clear that the mind can influence all aspects of the physical body, so it makes sense that a firmly held belief can reduce pain or even help treat a disease.
Why this is correct: The writer uses the very strong phrase 'undeniable', which means no doubt. This clearly shows agreement with the statement, so the answer is YES.
Common Mistake: Choosing NO because some doctors argue. This is an Extreme language trap misunderstanding because the writer still calls the success undeniable.
Paraphrasing: Passage: 'undeniable' = Statement: 'there is no doubt'
Tips: Strong words like 'undeniable' signal a clear YES opinion.
Key Vocabulary:
- undeniable = impossible to doubt
- effective = works well
General Tips:
- Yes/No/Not Given tests the WRITER'S VIEW, not just facts mentioned in the passage.
- YES means the writer agrees. NO means the writer disagrees. NOT GIVEN means the writer gives no clear opinion.
- Look for opinion words like 'undeniable', 'can't', 'theorize', and 'however'.
- Statements usually follow passage order, so scan forward from the previous answer.
- Do not assume effectiveness or comparison unless the writer clearly states it.
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